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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004 
  
non-GCP cases were compared. Misalignment value between 
the camera coordinate system and IMU coordinate system is 
usually adjusted before project as boresight calibration. In this 
study, simultaneous misalignment | adjustment was also 
evaluated together with datum shift estimation. 
2.2 Test block specification 
Specification of the test block and GCP/CHEK point 
configuration are shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. 
  
Test site Toyonaka City, Osaka 
  
Photo scale 1/4,000 
  
Camera type RC3Ge + 4589 22 | 
  
Strip number Normal 10 strips Cross 2 strips 
  
Photo number 17 x 10=170 19 x 2=38 
  
  
  
424 points 
  
GCP/CHCK pts 
  
  
Table 3. Test block specification 
  
Figure 4. Configuration of GCP/CHEK points. 
The test site is located at Toyonaka City of the Osaka Prefecture. 
Accurate and well-distributed GCPs are available throughout 
the city. Almost all GCPs lie on the manhole covers. The size of 
the manhole cover is about 40cm x 40cm square shape and the 
height difference from GCP to cover is also measured. This 
cover can be identified and observed easily in the image model. 
Highly accurate GCP coordinates were provided by Toyonaka 
City Office. 
2.3 Post processing result of direct georeferencing 
Post processing of direct georeferncing data was carried out 
using APPLANIX POSPAC software. This software package 
consists of data extraction, Kinematic GPS analysis, best 
estimation of trajectory and estimation of exterior orientation 
parameters. Figure 5 shows trajectory of this mission. An 
interval of 1 sec of the permanent GPS station was used as 
reference station. The maximum distance from reference station 
to photo station is about 11 km. The photographs at 1/4,000 and 
l/8,000 scales were captured during this photo acquisition 
mission. Additionally, there is a domestic airport located near 
this site and the flight mission took 5 hours. 
861 
  
Figure 5. Trajectory of photo mission 
Figure 6 shows the plot of quality factor as one of indicator of 
quality control. The Y-axis is a quality factor (1:Fix solution, 2: 
stable float solution, 3:converged float solution, 4:Less than 
DGPS). There are a few float solution parts but the relatively 
stable solution was obtained throughout flight mission. Figure 7 
shows standard deviation of positions derived from Kinematic 
GPS solution. It is around 5cm for the entire part. Figure 8 
shows residuals of forward/reverse (time related) of Kinematic 
GPS solution. It is also less than 5cm. It was noticed that a good 
and stable solution is achievable 
  
  
  
  
  
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Figure 7. Standard deviation 
  
  
  
  
  
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Figure 8. Residuals between FWD/REV solution 
2.4 Automatic tie point extraction and GCP/CHEK 
observation 
Captured photos were scanned by Leica's DSW500 at 20 * m 
resolution. Automatic tie point extraction was carried out using