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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004 
location were measured manually and calculated by multiple 
images least squares space intersection. These 3-D coordinates 
are viewed as ground truth. Also, the 3-D coordinates about 
these same sharp locations were identified by the operator in 
generated orthoimage patch and calculated from the relevant 
orthoimage information. The coordinate differences were listed 
as Table 1. A total of 60 sharp points are selected for 
comparisons. As Table 1 shown, the average error in X, Y, and 
Z direction is 0.02m, 0.03m, and -0.05, resepctally. Meanwhile, 
the root mean square errors (RMSe) is 0.15m, 0.19m, and 
0.29m in X,Y, and Z coordinate components. In this study, the 
comparison didn't take the error of aerotriangulation into 
account. If  aerotriangulation error is considered, the 
geometrical accuracy will be inferior to the above-mentioned 
test result from the principle of error propagation. But it is 
believed that geometric accuracy is still .suitable for control 
information. 
  
B. Orthoimage patch 7650677 2 
  
C. Orthoimage patch 7650677 3 
Figure 3: Three orthoimage patches to generate orthoimage 
patch 7650677. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Orthoimage No. Coordinate differences 
dX(m) dY (m) dZ(m) 
650595(3) -0.08 0.17 -0.22 
Building 0.13 -0.01 -0.43 
-0.10 -0.25 -0.01 
7650677(3) -0.04 -0.01 0.07 
Building -0.11 0.25 -0.08 
  
  
  
  
  
  
879 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
6420418(3) -0.13 0.05_ -0.10 
Road Intersection 0.01 0.26 -0.16 
0.29 -0.15 -0.12 
4340091(3) -0.03 0.08 0.14 
Road 0.05 -0.02 -0.08 
6389908(3) -0.39 0.11 0.32 
Building 0.46 0.49 0.10 
0.19 -0.16 -0.24 
-0.08 -0.10 -0.17 
8659373(3) -0.26 0.43 0.03 
Building -0.08 0.26 0.28 
0.07 0.05 0.08 
0.07 -0.11 -0.20 
2099601(3) -0.09 0.08 0.24 
Road -0.36 0.37 0.69 
-0.22 0.09 0.23 
3280329(3) 0.04 -0.11 -0.10 
Basketball Court 0.03 0.01 -0.12 
-0.03 -0.11 0.17 
0.00 0.08 0.23 
9290104(4) Road -0.07 0.00 0.06 
5500052(3) 0.02 0.08 0.08 
Road 0.05 -0.06 0.26 
0.17 -0.36 -0.12 
0.17 0.01 -0.06 
79011926) 0.13 -0.01 -0.19 
Building -0.08 0.23 -0.39 
0.10 -0.19 -0.34 
-0.08 0.21 -0.19 
0.31 0.01 -0.40 
0.03 0.01 0.46 
0.14 0.31 -0.22 
0.17 0.07 0.05 
1550396(2) -0.07 -0.12 -0.17 
Concrete floor 0.11 -0.34 -0.59 
0.23 -0.28 -0.42 
5661118(4) Road 0.07 0.17 -0.52 
0.08 -0.06 -0.58 
2281807(2) -0.08 0.09 -0.27 
Road 0.06 0.20 -0.46 
-0.03 0.08 -0.35 
0.04 0.03 0.15 
8170724(4) 0.00 0.41 0.26 
Building 0.16 0.16 -0.09 
0.19 -0.19 -0.23 
4861413(3) -0.13 0.27 -0.55 
Building 0.06 0.27 -0.60 
0.08 -0.28 0.13 
-0.25 -0.14 -0.03 
1261375(4) -0.05 -0.02 0.17 
Basketball Court -0.02 -0.07 0.21 
0.19 0.02 0.40 
0.19 0.01 0.25 
0.09 -0.09 0.42 
-0.01 -0.20 0.39 
Average 0.02m 0.03m | -0.05m 
RMSE 0.15m 0.19m 0.29m 
Maximum Error -0.39m -0.36m -0.60m 
Minimum Error 0.46m 0.49m 0.69m 
  
  
  
  
  
Table 1 Results of orthoimage patches and coordinate 
comparisons