Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Article 9), in the
relevant Implementation Regulation it is stated that the
photogrammetric method may be employed providing the
forest boundary points or connection points are market
with “aerial signals” (Regulation 2/B, Article 48).
Fs
According to the Forestry Law and relevant
Implementation Regulation, the techniques of forestry
demarcation are as follows:
1. A forest boundary number shall be assigned to
each point where the forest boundary line is
interrupted. At the forest boundaries, a concrete
or other similar stationary marker is placed at
every 500 meters to establish the forest
boundary points. In settlement area or in their
y surrounding areas, these points shall be
established at every 250 meters (Regulation
2/B, Article 48),
2. In areas provided with a map of 1/5000 or
greater scale, if the forest boundaries have been
shown on the map, such boundaries shall be
le exactly complied with, without making any
le further surveying (Regulation 2/B, Article 48),
a 3. Where the forest boundaries coincide with the
st boundaries of a sea, lake, road or the like, no
€ boundary point shall be established.
(Regulation 2/B, Article 50),
4. The forest boundaries are measured by the
e. series polygon polar method using instruments
ig sensitive to 1°, and their coordinates are
in calculated with reference to the point of
connection (Regulation 2/B, Article 51),
S. The forestry cadastral maps are prepared at a
nt scale of 1/5000, and this scale is taken as a
y basis in the mapping standards used
th (Regulation 2/B, Article 52), and
of 6. The maps showing the forest boundaries are
reduced to the scale of 1/25000 to obtain the
township forestry maps, and all subsequent
implementations shall be monitored on the
basis of such maps (Regulation 2/B, Article
). 53).
of
Ig If the forestry cadastral works were carried out according
p to the Regulation dated 31 August 1988 Concerning the
ut Production of Large-scale Maps used in the ownership
Nn cadastral works, it would be required that;
s.
n 1. The difference between the two measurements
of edges made using electronic distance
measuring instrument should not exceed +5 cm
in (Article 78),
d 2. The angle measurements should be made by
id instruments capable of direct measuring of at
of least 2^ (Article 52),
3. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of angle
measurements should not exceed + 5 cm
(Article 55), and
Y 4. |n works carried out using the photogrammetric
method, the measurements be made by
analytical plotting instruments having an
n analytical measurement accuracy of less than +
n 3 micrometers (Article 186).
1
ry It is, therefore, seen that the methods of measurement and
technical (mapping) standards employed in forestry
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004
cadastre require lower values as compared to ownership
cadastre.
Although the forestry cadastral works in Turkey had
started first in 1937 with the enactment of Law No. 3116,
the 4/5 of the forests was demarcated during the past 66
years (1937-2003), but only '4 of the total demarcated
forest land could be registered in the land registry
(SINMAZ and KARATAS 1995; KÓKTÜRK 1999; DPT
(State Planning Organization) 1995; and DPT 2001,
Table 1).
Periods Total Area in Forests with
Turkey Completed
Requiring Cadastre (km?)
Forestry
Cadastre
(km?)
1937-1984 201992.96 92385.09
1985-1989 " 13890.40
1990-1994 " 23000.00
1995-2000 " 21094.80
2001-2002 7 12314.01
1937-2002 " 162 684.30
(01.01.2003) (80.5%)
Table 1: Forestry Cadastre in Turkey
The forests which cover 26% of Turkey’s total and area
(201 992.96 km?) have been faced with invasions and
illegal usage despite the protection provided by the
provisions of Turkish Constitution and the Forestry Law.
As a result, about 23% (4 374.19 Km?) of forests has
been excluded from the forest land. The main reason why
the forestry demarcation works have been unsuccessful is
because the topic of forests has been frequently used as a
material of political concern and also because of the
changes experienced in the forestry laws. Another reason
was the use of inadequate measurement techniques in the
production of forestry maps. It has been observed “that
the information belonging to the presumably demarcated
forests were obtained using different surveying methods
and different coordinate systems, that such information
was not sufficient to effect a re-remarcation of forests in
the field, and also that it was not possible to combine all
that information under a single coordinate system”. It has
been further recognized that such information and
documents were not qualified as to enable the registration
of forests into the land registry. It can also be said that the
carrying out of the works related to the “demarcation” of
forests and “determination of their boundaries on the
field (limitation)" as well as “the measurement of
forest boundaries determined in the field",
"computation", "plotting" and "staking out" by the
forest engineers since 1937 up to now has played a role in
obtaining such results. This process has been brought to
an end as a result of the amendment made in the Forestry
Law by Law No. 4999 dated 05 November 2003 (Article
10), and it was decided that “with regard to forests whose
cadastral works have been completed, the surveying
engineers will be authorized and responsible for carrying
out the works related to the production of maps,
measurement, computation, plotting and staking out".
Important developments are anticipated in determining
the boundaries of forests and the unauthorized buildings
as a result of taking such a decision after 66 years that the
