International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
Determination of coordinates by taking one sight, 
followed by the automatic measurement of distances 
Figure 5: Precise determination of edges 
Recording of hidden points 
Another tool is a specially coded extrapolation-rod which is 
used to measure hidden points quickly, precisely and widely 
automatic (figure 6). For practical work the rod may be 
shortened or lengthend: The ooperator must not pay attention, 
because of the coded distances of the benchmarks. 
       
  
automatic coordinate recording 
using a distance-coded rod 
   
   
Figure 6: Measuring hidden points 
3. ENHANCEMENTS OF THE APPLICATION 
SPECTRUM THROUGH INTEGRATION OF 
GEOMETRICAL AND VISUAL FUNCTIONS 
Taking the image into account is an advantage in three different 
areas: for documentation and archiving, for targeting, and for 
visualization and modelling, e.g. to generate ortho-images 
(figure 7). 
Below some of the numerous applications are explained in more 
detail: 
  
  
| three different sectors to use images i 
| 
| | 
| documentatio I | direct 
  
  
  
   
     
        
  
  
  
  
  
photo automatic/ manual 
  
archiving working basisf | coarse directioning 
rectified fresco 
PES 
  
  
and autocali- 
rectificatio  orthophot bration 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 7: The role of the image 
Rectification and Orthophoto for restoration purposes 
So called 4-point-rectification is possible either through 
distances measured in the images or through coordinates. When 
determining the coordinates on site with the total-station 
- the steps of identification and referencing are omitted, 
- known geometric properties may be taken into account 
(parallelism, rectangular angles) 
Parametric rectification with automatic direction of the 
instrument 
This procedure allows a particulary fast on-site generation of 
ortho-images and 3D visualization with the following steps (see 
figure 8): 
a) Make the photo, save it to a laptop and orient the image 
using control points to be measured in the course of the 
process. This delivers the position and the orientation of 
the camera at the time of recording. 
b) Click on a point of a surface in the image; automatic 
steering of the distance measuring laser dot to the 
corresponding point on the object takes place. The real 
coordinates of the clicked point are automatically 
measured. Thus the area (plane) may be defined by three 
points. 
c) Click the corners of the surface in the image, connect 
them and cut out image planes resp. triangles for 
visualization software. 
     
   
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
   
  
  
  
  
    
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
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