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COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF LASER SCANNING AND 
PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND 
THEIR COMBINED USE FOR DIGITAL RECORDING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 
R. Kadobayashi® *, N. Kochi ®, H. Otani ® R. Furukawa © 
à National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0289, 
JAPAN, rieko@nict.go.jp 
b Topcon Corporation, 75-1, Hasunuma-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8580, JAPAN, (n.kochi, h.otani)@topcon.co.jp 
* Hiroshima City University, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima-city 731-3194, JAPAN, ryo-f@cs.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp 
Commission V, WG V/4 
KEY WORDS: Cultural Heritage, Photogrammetry, Combination, Comparison, Laser scanning, Point Cloud, Close Range, Three- 
dimensional 
ABSTRACT: 
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and modeling of sites and artifacts of cultural heritage have increased remarkably in recent years. 
A wide variety of objects, e.g., small pieces of pottery, statues, buildings, and large areas of archaeological sites, have been scanned 
and modeled for such purposes as preservation, reconstruction, study, and museum exhibitions. Due to the range in size of the 
objects to be scanned and differences in the objectives for scanning and modeling, many approaches and options have been tested 
and used. As a result, it is clear that there is no single method that is applicable to recording every subject of cultural heritage and 
hence there is a strong demand for a hybrid method that exploits several technologies. Laser scanning can produce the dense 3D 
point-cloud data that is required to create high-resolution geometric models, although the quality of color information is sometimes 
lower than required. Another technology, digital photogrammetry, can produce high-resolution textures, if the original images have 
sufficient pixels, and 3D models. There is no doubt that these two technologies can supplement each other in creating high-quality 
3D recordings and presentations. In this paper, we report a comparison and evaluation of laser scanning and photogrammetry and 
their combined use to digitally record cultural heritage objects from the point of view of producing accurate and expressive models 
and efficient data processing. The data used here was obtained from our experimental 3D measuremerit of Byzantine ruins on 
Gemiler Island, off the southwest coast of Turkey, in 2002. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
The development of three-dimensional (3D) laser scanners has 
brought a whole new landscape to the recording, preservation, 
and study of historical and cultural heritage. Laser scanners can 
automatically digitize the 3D coordinates of the complex shape 
of an object. This makes it easy to create a detailed 3D model of 
the object from a 3D point cloud. One of the drawbacks of laser 
scanners is that color images of an object cannot be obtained or, 
if it is possible, the quality of the color images is worse than 
that of the photographs. To record the true color of an object 
more precisely, photographs must be taken. 
Terrestrial photogrammetry using digital cameras, which can 
also be used for measuring objects three-dimensionally, has 
come into practical use owing to the increased number of pixels 
available with digital cameras and the growing CPU power of 
personal computers. The biggest advantage of this technology is 
that we can obtain accurate 3D coordinates of objects and create 
3D models from two or more overlapping photographs, while at 
the same time we can use it to record and represent the 
appearance of objects. To record historical and archaeological 
sites digitally, the most practical and effective approach is to 
combine 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry (El- 
Hakim 200; Beraldin 2002). However, we need to develop 
guidelines based on an evaluation of each method in terms of 
  
Corresponding author. 
accuracy, efficiency, presentation ability, etc., so that we can 
select the most appropriate method according to on-site 
conditions and recording requirements. 
In this paper, we report a comparison and evaluation of laser 
scanning and photogrammetry and their combined use for 
digitally recording cultural heritage objects from the point of 
view of the accuracy and expressiveness of the models and 
efficiency in data processing. Data used here was obtained from 
our experimental 3D measurement of Byzantine ruins on 
Gemiler Island, off the southwest coast of Turkey, in 2002. A 
laser scanner (LPM-25HA, Riegl) and a 16 million mega-pixel 
digital camera (DCS Pro Back, Kodak) were used to measure 
the ruins of two basilicas. To process the 3D images and create 
3D polygonal models, we used InnovMetric Polyworks, and to 
analyze photographs we used Topcon's digital photogrammetry 
system, PI-3000. 
2. BYZANTINE RUINS ON GEMILER ISLAND 
Gemiler Island is located off the Lycian coast of southwestern 
Turkey and faces the Mediterranean Sea. À wide variety of 
buildings from a bygone medieval city are scattered throughout 
the island, i.e., the maritime city seems to be completely 
preserved. The site has been studied by the Research Group for