MODELLING AND VISUALIZATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS
USING CLOSE RANGE IMAGERY
A. Bujakiewicz, M. Kowalczyk, P. Podlasiak, D. Zawieska
Institute of Photogrammetry and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Plac Politechniki 1, Warsaw, Poland,
abujakiewicz(@hotmail.com, mikowalezyk@wp.pl, ppodlasiak(@&wp.pl, Dorotaz8@wp.pl
Commission V, Working Group V/4
KEY WORDS: Photogrammetry, Architecture, Archaeology, Biometrics, Modelling, Visualization, Close Range.
ABSTRACT:
Databases created for various user applications require different types of geometrical and thematic data. The physical shape, volume,
and texture of spatial objects are usually requested for objects concerned with such areas as, architecture, archaeology, medicine, or
industry. For many years, wide range of close range systems have been used for acqisition of the source data. In the last decade, the
laser technology, non matric digital imagery or automatic systems based on moire projection have become popular for close range
data collection. In this paper, results of some pilot projects carried out in the Institute of Photogrammetry and Cartography at
Warsaw University of Technology, will be presented. The shape and digital surface models of three various types of 3D objects of
different size, shape and texture, concerned with architecture, archaeology and medecine applications, were determined. The popular
amatour digital cameras and moire projection automated system were used for data acqusition. The main principles of data acqisition
and processing, as well as the results and accuracy of 3D modelling of the selected objects, will be discussed in this paper.
1. INTRODUCTION
Methods of digital photogrammetry are used for modelling of
objects in various areas of close range applications. The realistic
or virtual models of the objects are presently required in many
types of information systems, which are concerned with
various areas of industry, medicine, architecture and
archeology, city planning, traffic accidents, and so on. The term
of 3D modelling has various meanings and interpretation,
which can be assumed as;
e description of the shape of an object by determination of
its main frame of reference and if required, creation of
the textural database for the selected surfaces of structure,
or.
e determination of shape of an object by generation of
Digital Surface Model, it means description of its
surface(s) with a large number of points.
The above meanings of the 3D modelling have been applied in
various applications long time before methods of digital
photogrammetry have become popular. More than thirty years
ago various analogous and analytical approaches of
photogrammetry were used commonly around the world (also in
Poland) to solve many different tasks concerned with 3D
modeling in industry or medicine, architecture and archeology.
Since 70-ties, the precise analytical close range photogrammetry
methods were used for measurements of surfaces of industrial
objects, such as for example, the radar antennas (Kenefick,
1972), the building panels (Bujakiewicz, Peczek, 1974), the
models of complicated roofs (Linkwitz, 1971) the ship screw
propellers (Stenberg, 1976), and many others. Traditional and
non-conventional analogous and analytical methods were used
in medicine for determination of shapes of the whole or parts of
the human bodies for medical diagnosis and control of
rehabilitation, for ex. (Savara, 1971; Tokassaki, 1975; Van
Wijk, 1980; Bujakiewicz, Krzesniak, Zawieska, 1984;
Bujakiewicz, 1988), and for reconstruction of the anatomical
limbs (Duncan, 1974). In the past years (since 50-ties), many
European countries, including Poland, have commonly used
close range photogrammetry in areas of architecture and
archeology. Many of the old buildings and monuments in the
old towns and the archeological sites were measured and
documented by conventional photogrammetric methods based
on analogous (optical) metric single and stereoscopic cameras
and graphical or analytical compilation.
Following the development of aerial photogrammetry, close
range photogrammetry has also implemented the digital
methods. The analogous photogrammetric cameras have been
replaced by the digital cameras, mostly non-metric. Non-
conventional methods of imagery, such as for examples, the
optical Moire topography method, has been developed into the
fully automatic computer supported acquisition and processing
system (Zawieska, 2000). The new possibility for close range
acquisition is concerned with the implementation of the
terrestrial scanning systems. Development of the close range
modules in digital workstations is much slower as it would be
expected. Modules for processing of aerial photography do not
satisfy the specific requiremens for compilation of digital
photographs taken by the non-metric amatour cameras. The
limitations among others are caused by different geometry of
close range photos, different models of image systematic
errors, non-stability of the interior orientation, non-availability
of the self-calibration process. It therefore damands ealier
calibration and pre-correction for systematic errors. The
available programmes for close range processing, such as for
example, Orient/Orpheus or PhotoModeller have no possibility
of stereoscopic measurement of images. This would introduce
some limitations in case of objects where the points can not be
properly identified and mono observation is not possible or
sufficient.
2 GENERATION OF 3D REALISTIC MODELS OF
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