u 2004 
———— 
ied 
ed. 
set 
the 
the 
ied 
PS 
a 
the 
the 
ge 
the 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
f) are not known, with such a camera, the number of 
unknowns for each image taken remains the same as four. 
But, total number of unkowns including those from all 
images increases only by 3 (they are internal parameters 
of the used camera) and becomes 4n+3 (n is number of 
images taken) in the adjustment. 
4. THE APPLICATION 
To apply the technique, which is described here as 
GPSSIT supported terrestrial photogrammetry, into the 
practice, Alaattin Mosque was chosen as a pilot study 
arca which is close to our university and in the town 
center of Konya. Alattin Mosque is one of the important 
historical assets in Konya. It remained from era of the 
Seljuk and carries motifs that period of the time of 
Seljuk. Therefore it is a chronologically important work 
from that age. 
In this study, several images covering all facades of the 
mosque were taken at several camera points surrounding 
the object. All images were taken by Sony-Zeiss 8 MP 
0.7-2.8 with 4x zoom digital camera. GPS receivers used 
for GPS observation were two GPS receivers of Leica 
RS9500 series in our surveying lab. 
First of all, several images covering all facades of the 
mosque were taken for planning purposes by the digital 
camera described above. Control points on the facades 
were then marked on these images. To make it simple, 
measurements of control points and determination of 
camera perspective center by GPSSIT were carried out in 
different time sections. First, control points marked on 
the previously taken images were measured and 
calculated their coordinates in WGS84 and then planning 
process for the camera points to be used for digital 
photography, photogrammetric evaluation and production 
of 3D model of the mosque were completed on those 
previously taken photographs taking into consideration 
those GPSSIT observations used for the determination of 
coordinates of camera perspective centers as well. After 
this photography by GPSSIT planning stage, all the 
images were taken as planned except a few that the site 
conditions did not allow. Then all the digital photos were 
evaluated in the terrestrial software of PhotoModeller that 
uses softcopy photogrammetry techniques and 3D model 
of the mosque were also produces (figure 4). 
  
  
Figure 4: Front facade of 3D model of Alaattin Mosque. 
5. CONCLUSION 
In this study, a GPS supported terrestrial photogrammetry 
technique was introduced that uses a GPS technique 
called as GPSSIT. GPSSIT was successfully used to 
measure the control points chosen on the facades of an 
object that was subject to the digital terrestrial 
photogrammetric evaluation. It was also used to 
determine the camera perspective center coordinates as 
well. The outcomes from the study show that GPSSIT is 
capable of both producing camera perspective center 
coordinates and determination of control point’s 
coordinates on object’s facades. Thus, it suggests that the 
number of parameters in bundle adjustment can be 
reduced to 4 for each image to be evaluated in the close 
range photogrammetric software. If the non-metric 
cameras are used, the total number of parameters does 
only increase by 3 for internal parameters of the used 
non-metric camera than those being entered into the 
software when the metric camera is used. 
6. REFERENCES 
Ackermann, F., 1994, Practical experience with GPS 
supported aerial triangulation, Photogrammetric Record, 
Vol. 14(84), pp 861-874 
Corumluoglu, O., 1998, GPS Aerotriangulation In 
Observation Space, Ph. D. Thesis, University of 
Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, 233 pp. 
Corumluoglu, O., Ceylan, A., Kalayci, l., 2003, The Use 
of GPS Free Station Technique (GPSSIT) for Detail 
Measurements, Journal of Surveying and Cadastre 
Engineer, Turkey say: 88. 
Fraser, C.S. & Edmundson, K.L., 2000. Design and 
Implementation of a Computational Processing System 
for Off-Line Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry. 
ISPRS Int. Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote 
Sensing, 55(2): 94-104. 
Gruber, M., M. Pasko and F. Leberl, 1995, Geometric 
versus texture detail in 3D models of real world 
buildings, Automatic extraction of Man-made objects 
from aerial and space images, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 
pp. 189-198 
Ibrahim, A. M., 1995, Reliability analysis of combined 
GPS-acrial triangulation system, PhD Thesis, University 
of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK 
Ioannidis, C., Potsiou, C., Soile, S., 2002, An integrated 
spatial information system for the development of the 
archaeological site of Mycenae , International Archives 
of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial 
Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV-5/W10. 
Malaka, R. & Zipf, A. (2000), DEEP MAP - Challenging 
IT research in the framework of a tourist information 
system. Proceedings of ENTER 2000, pp. 15-27