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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
  
In the period of analogue photogrammetry production of 
technical documentation was based exclusively on using glass 
plates or films. Graphical stereorestitution of such images was 
conducted on analogue photogrammetric plotters (special or 
universal ones). 
Advances in technology of making technical documentation 
after introducing analytical photogrammetry were reflected in 
the following (comparing to analogue): 
e more flexibility of analytical instruments in the 
orientation and stereorestitution of terrestrial images; 
e possibilities of using non-metric and semi-metric 
cameras; 
eo more flexibility in photography planning (locations 
and orientation of camera) 
Nevertheless, the most important issue in making technical 
documentation — archiving and production of graphic 
documents, remained in analogue form. Critical changes in 
photogrammetric application have happened with the 
introduction and expansion of digital phtogrammetry. 
4. DIGITAL PRODUCTION OF TECHNICAL 
DOCUMENTATION 
Appearance of digital photogrammetry has opened completely 
new possibilities in production of technical documentation for 
cultural heritage. Changes were very important and they pertain 
not just on already existing phases, like: 
e image capturing, 
e graphical documentation production, 
e archiving, : 
but also on possibilities to produce completely new digital 
products: 
e digital orthophoto and 
e 3D object model. 
4.1 Image capturing 
First of all, the new possibilities occurred for photography in 
digital technique. Of course, already existing terrestrial 
photography techniques are still useful, providing that high 
quality scanning is included. Non-metric (amateur) and semi- 
metric cameras can be used also because after scanning 
procedure all systematic errors could be corrected by applying 
digital resampling. Imaging became far flexible and faster 
cause, beside normal stereo pairs, images can be taken by the 
hand, from completely arbitrary position. 
4.2 Archiving 
Archiving of source material is based on using digital media 
only. In that way, the loss of photo documentation quality 
during the time is excluded. Of course, even digital photo 
documentation cannot be absolutely protected, but with proper 
archiving methods this problem can be brought down to 
theoretical level. 
43 Orhophoto production 
Digital form has opened new possibilities for digital orthophoto 
production as very fast and inexpensive part of technical 
documentation (Baratin et al. 2000). This procedure is based on 
similar process as in aerial photogrammetry. Important savings 
can be done by simplifying digital elevation model (DEM) 
requirements. This means that for some simple facades DEM 
can be replaced with vertical planes. 
4.4 3D object model 
Completely 3D object model can be produced, providing that 
reasonable financial resources are available, or when user 
requests are higher (Kólbl et al. 2000; Dorffner et al. 2000). The 
process of 3D object model creation can be done by digital 
stereorestitution, automatic measurement of 3D model based on 
image correlation or by combination of both. Nevertheless, it 
should be noted. that every object has its own specifics, so it is 
very difficult to formulate the standard procedure. That is why 
this product is not compulsory part of technical documentation. 
If the final goal of technical documentation is 3D object model, 
then it should be estimated whether digital photogrammetry is 
more economical then 3D laser scanning (Boccardo, Comoglio 
2000). 
5. PROCEDURE FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF 
DIGITAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION 
Procedure that is to be proposed in this paper is the result of our 
own experiences in application of photogrammetry for cultural 
heritage in Serbia by using already mentioned advantages of 
digital photogrammetry. Intention is to establish initial technical 
documentation for a number of cultural monuments and objects 
with high architectural value. 
5.1 Assumptions 
The basic assumption for formulating procedure is that it has to 
serve in campaign-type and systematic way of working, with 
intention to enable a lot of savings. Therefore, important role in 
procedure formulation was financial aspect of photogrammetric 
application. That is why the procedure is based on the following 
hardware and software assumptions: 
e For image capturing Rolleiflex 6006 is used (colour 
film); : 
e EPSON Expression 1600 desktop scanner is used for 
scanning; 
e Total station Leica TCR705 is used for determination 
of control points (reflectorless); 
e Geometric rectification of scanned images is 
performed by DigiScan 2000 (www.mapsoft.co.yu) 
e Any available software can be used for digital 
triangulation; 
e Some low cost software can be used for 
orthorectification. 
5.2 Basic idea 
Procedure of technical documentation production is divided 
into two logical phases. The first consist of image capturing, 
necessary field measurements and production of archive 
documentation. Archive documentation is completely digital 
and consists of three units: 
e digitised and geometrically rectified photogrammetric 
images, 
e digital orthophoto as preliminary documentation, and 
e technical report in digital form with all the 
information on object and technical data necessary for 
further photogrammetric works in the second phase.