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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
The oriented SPOT stereo pair was then subjected to the 
automated DTM/DSM generation, using the module of SAT- 
pP. A 20 m raster DTM for the whole area and 5 m raster DTM 
for the area covered by the IKONOS image were interpolated 
from the original matching results, using also some manually 
measured breaklines near the Buddha cliff (Figure 5). The 
matching algorithm combines the matching results of feature 
points, grid points and edges. It is a modified version of MPGC 
(Multi Photo Geometrically Constrained) matching algorithm 
[Gruen, 1985; Zhang, Gruen, 2004] and can achieve sub-pixel 
accuracy for all the matched features. 
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the Bamiyan area displayed in 
colour coding mode (left). The two overlaid DTMs (right). 
Figure 5: The recovered DTM of 
Finally, for the visualization of the whole Bamiyan area, a 2.5 
m resolution ortho-image from SPOT images and a | m 
resolution ortho-image from the IKONOS image were 
generated. The textured 3D models are presented in Figure 6. 
  
  
Figure 6: The DTM of the Bamiyan area generated from 
satellite images and textured with a SPOTS (above) and an 
IKONOS ortho-image (below). 
In Figure 7 two closer views on the 3D IKONOS textured 
model of the Bamiyan cliff and the old Bamiyan city (the 
pyramid-type hill to the left) are presented. 
  
Figure 7: Zoom into the 3D Bamiyan terrain model. The rock 
cliff with the two empty niches (above). À view of the Bamiyan 
area: on the left the hill (Shar-i Ghulghulah) where the old city 
was located while in the centre the new ‘bazaar’ is visible 
(below). 
3. MODELING OF THE ROCK CLIFF OF BAMIYAN 
For the reconstruction and modeling of the Bamiyan cliff 
(Figure 8), a series of terrestrial images acquired with an 
analogue Rollei 6006 camera was used. Furthermore, a geodetic 
network of 10 stations was used to measure, with a total station, 
30 control points distributed all along the rock cliff. 
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Figure 8: The Bamiyan cliff, approximately 1 km long and 100 
m high (above). The cliff as seen from the empty niche of the 
Small Buddha (below). 
The images of the rock facade were acquired along a strip. 39 
images were oriented with a self-calibrating bundle adjustment, 
measuring the tie points in the Analytical Plotter (Figure 9). 
The average precision of the object points is o, 0.15 m, 0, 
0.11 m, 6,= 0.23 m with a standard deviation of unit weight a 
posteriori at 0.013 mm.