them according to their listed addresses. Combination of those
methods enables building up most comprehensing database of
Figure 8. Distribution of temples and shrines in Kyoto
(Source: Digital Map 10,000, GSI)
3.1.3 Modern heritage buildings: Western-style heritage
buildings built in between late 19" century and World War Il
are listed in "Directory of Japanese Modern Buildings" by
Architectural Institute of Japan (1983) and it identifies 570
heritage buildings in Kyoto. The directory lists the building's
name, address, built year, structure, architect and builder.
However, a survey conducted in 2003 by the City of Kyoto
identified no less than 2,000 buildings of the same category.
As for cultural heritage buildings designated by or registered to
the government, there are 87 buildings in Kyoto (47 temples
and shrines, 12 machiyas, 12 private houses, 13 modern
western-style buildings, 2 modern Japanese buildings, and 1
unclassified building) and their names, locations and built years
are available.
The information of those cultural heritage buildings can be
installed into 2D-GIS of Kyoto by matching their addresses to
the digital map.
3.2 2D-GIS of Kyoto in the Past
3.2.1 Streets: Kyoto experienced rapid urban expansion since
the beginning of 20" century, especially during the post-war
period. The process of urban expansion is observed from past
topographic maps and city planning maps. The maps used for
the research include past editions of 1:25,000 topographic maps
since 1920's, 1:20,000 in 1909, 1:20,000 in around 1900, and
1:10,000 in 1938 and 1951 by the Geographic Survey Institute
of Japan (GSI), and city planning maps 1:3000 in 1935 and
1953 by the City of Kyoto. These maps are scanned and are re-
projected to match to the current digital map using geo-
referencing function of ArcGIS a GIS software.
3.2.2 Building lots: The allocation information of building
lots in the past is available from old cadastral maps. The oldest
cadastral maps available are those of 1884 owned by Kyoto
Prefectural Library and Archive, but it lacks the registration
books originally attached. Therefore, cadastral maps of 1912
with approximate scales between 1:1,300 and 1:1,500 owned by
Ritsumeikan University Library have been used in the research.
The matching of the past cadastral maps to current maps were
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part BS. Istanbul 2004 Intel
mere
done by using the corners of neighbourhoods rather than using 200(
corners and edges of streets and intersections, because the mos
streets in Kyoto were often broadened, narrowed or moved.
Then each parcel of land was traced to examine the land
division in the beginning of the last century (Figure 9).
ma
|
|
xw
1912
3.2.3 Machiya: Machiya usually employs gable roof covered
with roof tile. The observation of aerial photos makes possible
o
identifying machiya as different from other type of houses such id
as modern-style house and Japanese traditional house, with |
considerably high probability. Those houses with hipped roofs | 3.3
were excluded from machiya’s identification since hipped roof |
with tile is commonly found in Japanese traditional houses and | In t
western-style houses, though there sometimes exist machiyas | don
with hipped roofs. It is apparent that buildings with flat-roofs | text
are not machiyas. The identification of machiyas solely with | soft
aerial photograph has obviously some limit in accuracy. To
]
supplement the identification process, other information sources me
such as old on-ground photos and old house maps have been in t
used. The house maps published by Yoshida Map Co. since
1955 have names of all buildings and residents. 3.3.
Five sets of aerial photographs taken after World War IT at 13 | mo
years intervals have been observed. Those are photographs by: | tho:
US military force in 1948, GSI in 1961, 1974 and 1987, and | phe
Naka-Nihon Koku, Co. in 2000. The aerial photos were scanned, | fac;
and rectified to fit to the map using ArcGIS geo-referencing | CU
function. After these geometrical adjustments, gable roofs were | sof
traced to make their polygons using ArcGIS editor (figure 10). | Th
Figure 10. Identification of machiyas in aerial photographs han
QUE tes |
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Bea Beau BRA
1948 1961 = 1974 |
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Figure 11 shows the distribution changes of machiya in central | aut
Kyoto from 1948 to 2000 at 13 years intervals. Here we can see | on
the pattern of changes during the period. Those machiyas facing | Ex
major streets disappeared early, then the disappearance of be.
machiyas gradually expanded inward the street blocks. | an
The numbers of machiyas within the area were about 6,200 in | of
1948, 5,900 in 1961, 4,500 in 1974, 2,900 in 1987 and 1,800 in
