International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004
5. CONCLUSIONS
Monitoring movements of natural or man-made environments
over time is one of the most important contributions of the
geomatic engineering profession to society.
Photogrammetry has been selected as the geometric monitoring
method in this study. On the other hand, we have tried to show
the capability of close range photogrammetric method for
monitoring analysis, in this project. The proper design of a
monitoring network, considering the peculiarity of the
photogrammetric factors, renders the results to be within preset
specifications.
The method that is being used on-stream, is a relative method.
In relative methods the displacements of the rollers are
measured relatively and there isn't any constant and base point
for having control on displacements from the designing step, we
think in this method, it is possible in each observation step and
measuring the displacements relatively and adjusting the roilers
with the displacements that are being measured, a major
distance from designing step occurs.
On the other hand, using an absolute method to retrieve the
displacements of rollers from stable and constant points looks
more suitable. Because of this suggestion, it seems to be more
suitable if we use geomatic methods for displacement among
different methods. Close-range photogrammetry as one of the
geomatic methods for monitoring the movements is a fast,
economical and practical approach. The benefits of this
approach compared to the classic geodetic methods, is the less
cost and the less time.
The Kiln Monitoring Analysis is an excellent preventive
maintenance tool. Problems will be discovered before they
become emergencies. Discovering problems early will allow
more accurate budget planning and scheduling of shutdowns to
achieve maximum efficiency.
In this case(monitoring the rotary kiln position), the calculated
movements, are given to the bolts of the kiln in the place of
rollers and any error in calculating of the displacements may
cause a disaster and may cause a breaking in the bell of the kiln.
So it is advisable to establish a correct geometry in photography
design, to get better accuracies. Metric cameras are more
suitable in this project and we had a metric camera in our
university, but we had a problem that was the analogue nature
of the camera. The camera couldn't be used in this study,
because the high temperature of the area may cause a great
deformation in the film, and may produce wrong conclusion.
As can be seen in the results, the results according to the
ground coordinate of the unknown points, accuracy from
variance-covariance matrix and computing the displacements
for four points instead of one point, are acceptable.
Close range photogrammetry method can be used for
monitoring any displacement in these sizes such as the
displacement of the kiln in the place of rollers. Due to the
following reasons, the close range method looks suitable:
- A photograph represents a remote, complete and instantaneous
record of an object.
- By measuring the photographic images of the detail points we
can obtain reliable information about the status of the object
- This method can be done in our country without need for
foreign experts.
- This method is very economic.
- It is an absolute method, and the movements can be measured
according to the constant points. So the possibility of being far
from the designing step will be decreased.
6. REFERENCES.
-Armenakis, C. 1987. "Displacement Monitoring by Integration
On-Line Photogrammetric Observations with Dynamic
Information",vol. 1 and vol. 2.
-Atkinson, K.B. (Ed), 1996. Close Range Photogrammetry and
Machine Vision. Whittles Publishing, UK. 371pages.
-Brown, D.C. 1976. The Bundle Method -- Progress and
Prospects. International Archives of Photogrammetry,21(3)
Paper 303: 33 pages
-Clarke, T.A. 1994, An analysis of the properties of targets uses
in digital close range photogrammetric measurement,
Videometrics IIT. SPIE Vol. 2350. Boston. pp. 251- 262.
-C.W.Urquhart, J.P.Siebert(1993). Towards Real-Time
Dynamic Close Range Photogrammetry. SPIE Videometric,
Vol. 2067: 240 251.
-Documents in Abyek Cement Factory.
-El-Hakim, S. F. 1979. "Potentials and Limitations of
Photogrammetry for Precision Surveying",technical report no.
63.
-Fraser(1991). A resume of some industrial applications of
photogrammetry. ISPRS
-Granshaw, S.L. 1980. Bundle Adjustment Methods in
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10, No. 56, pp. 181-207.
-Homainejad(1996). The Problems of Real Time
Photogrammetry. The Univ. of New south Wales.
-Thompson, E.H. 1975. Resection in Space. Photogrammetric
Record, 8(45): April 1975, pp. 333-334.
-Youcai Huang and Youguang Liu 1997. "Combination of
Photogrammetry and Geodesy for Monitoring Deformations".
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