WS = re 
  
THE USE OF PANORAMIC IMAGES FOR 3-D ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
: te à: “ai i al a : : a. : t : t 
Henrik Haggrén ^ *, Hanne Junnilainen * Jaakko Järvinen “, Terhi Nuutinen " Mika Lavento', Mika Huotari" 
? Institute of. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Helsinki University of Technology, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland — 
Henrik.Haggren(æhut fi, Hanne. Junnilainen@hut.fi, jjjarvin@cc.hut.fi, Terhi.Nuutinen@hut. fi 
b University of Helsinki, Institute for Cultural Research, Department of Archaeology 
Mika.Lavento@helsinki.fi, Mika.Huotari@helsinki. fi 
Commission V, WG V/4 
KEY WORDS: Panoramic images, archaeology, survey, photogrammetry, three-dimensional 
ABSTRACT: 
Panoramic images are efficiently used for documenting 
developing the use of panoramic images for archaeological surv 
Jordan. The primary motivation has been in developing a procedure for 
arrage systems and terrace walls. Panoramic stereo photography has been 
could be used for 3-D measuring of structural remains of b 
applied for wide area documentation, and detailed structures are d 
ol points. They are identified in field and measured with tacheometer. 
book when identifying and documenting barrage systems and terrace 
ost processing consists of orientation by bundle block adjustment, and of point 
selected from photographic prints in order to be used as contr 
In addition, archaeologists use prints as photogrammetric note 
walls during their field invention. Photogrammetric p 
wise 3-D measuring of identified structures. The procedure is experimented 
cal survey is satisfactory. However, point wise interpretation of detailed structures leads to 
he scattering is mainly caused by stereoscopic imaging geometry. Therefore we propose the use 
panoramic imagery for archaeologi 
scattered shapes. We consider that tl 
of corresponding features instead of corresponding points when applying photo 
measuring. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
1.1 Photogrammetric documentation in archaeological 
survey 
Photogrammetry is well-established ^ technology in 
archaeological survey. Aerial vertical and oblique photography 
provide both exact and detailed mappings for archaeological 
analysis Satellite images are used for landscape analysis and 
prospecting of archaeological sites. Close-range 
photogrammetry is applied for documentation of excavations 
and reconstruction of remains and findings. (Baturayoglu, 2001; 
Wilson, 2000). 
We consider here photogrammetric documentation being the 
recording of 3-D scenery in the way that the images are 
geometrically and geographically controlled. The control is 
maintained for both internal and external references. The 
internal geometry of the images, i.e. interior orientation, is 
known by calibration and the external geometry, je. exterior 
orientation, by geodetic control. Once these two references are 
determined, the image content, i.e. the scenery, can be 
transformed to any geographical or 3-D information system. 
The extraordinary feature of photogrammetric documentation is 
that the images as such can be used as necessary measuring tool 
for an archaeologist during his field survey. We hypothesize 
that the images, or in particular the prints provide not only an 
instant base for sketches but also the reading and scaling rulers 
for geographic measuring. All interpretations of the scene and 
respective field notes become transformed to the same 3-D 
coordinate system as the images are processed. 
  
* Corresponding author. 
archaeological sites and objects. In our paper we present a new approach in 
ey. The work is part of the Finnish Jabal Haroun Project, in Petra, 
field invention, in which photogrammetric documentation 
ocumented with close up stereo images. Natural features are 
and the results indicate that the accuracy of applying 
grammetric documentation for 3-D structural 
In this paper we declare and verify the hypothesis with one 
example of archaeological survey. The motivation of the work 
has been to provide the archaeologists an alternative method for 
field surveys, which are now based on traditional geodetic 
measuring tools, like on measuring tapes or tacheometers. These 
are both time consuming and non-reversible, whereas 
photogrammetric images - being geodetic as well — are fast. 
timely, and complete, in recording and can be revived as 
documents. 
1.2 Finnish Jabal Haroun Project 
This work is part of the Finnish Jabal Haroun Project, in Petra, 
Jordan. Professor Jaakko Frôsén, Helsinki University, leads the 
project and it takes care of the archaeological excavations, 
conservation work and publication of the results at the Monastic 
complex of St. Aaron and its environment (Frósén et al., 2002). 
An essential part of the project is the archaeological survey 
conducted in the near environs of the mountain. Institute of 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing at Helsinki University of 
Technology has participated in the project from the beginning, 
1997. 
Among the basic archaeological methods like photographing, 
drawing and recording tracts and sites during the field seasons 
have been tacheometer measurements and collection of digital 
imagery. Beside this practical task, the research team has been 
intensively developing photogrammetric documentation for 
archacological survey purposes. (Koistinen, et al, 2002) 
Internai 
Hw 
and 
acti 
sur 
Eac 
line 
on. 
Du 
Hat 
phc 
of 
mo 
(Fi; 
ins! 
inte 
phc 
A 
doc 
the 
  
B 
^a 
Fi 
lig 
dc