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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B6. Istanbul 2004 
of Adobe's Photoshop program were carried out. Learning 
programs where computational tasks are carried out on-line 
were produced by means of the Java language. An efficient tool 
for generation of animations and interactive elements is 
Macromedia Flash MX. The interactions are written (or 
automatically generated) in the ActionScript programming 
language. Some parts of the learning programs require 
programming in php script, which is executed on-line at the 
server computer. The results are HTML code files, which are 
sent via the Internet to the client computer (compare left side of 
figure 2). 
5.4 Self-evaluation tests 
Interactive quizzes have been created in order to enable a self- 
evaluation. They are carried out at the Internet. Various 
programs and services are available from different sources. For 
example, the QuizMaker for QuizServer of R. Shadian, 
University of Hawaii, USA, allows for different types of 
quizzes. You may select "true-false" or "multiple choice". Radio 
buttons are used to mark the answer of the user, and the 
program then tests whether the delivered answer is correct. 
Images and graphics can be used in the quiz as well. 
5.5 Assignments 
The assignments (tasks) are mainly questions that are written in 
HTML code and called by the hypertext "Receive tasks". They 
are then displayed on the right side of the described user 
interface (compare figure 3). The final assignments (tasks) are 
written as e-mail including attachments in the Word format and 
sent to the participants by a mail program. 
6. THE LEARNING PROGRAMS OF THE COURSE 
"AUTOMATIC ORIENTATION OF AERIAL IMAGES 
ON DATABASES" 
The course "B" of the EuroSDR e-learning includes three 
learning programs. They form the core of the course and give 
the participants practical experience about procedures and 
problems at automatic measurements of image points as well as 
insight in the methods of automatic orientation of aerial images 
on databases. Details of the research project are published in 
(Hóhle, 1999). 
The first learning program, "LDIPInter", introduces correlation 
techniques and gives assignments (tasks) for calculation of 
image positions in 1D and 2D, with and without sub-pixel 
accuracy and applies the techniques to the automatic measuring 
of crosses and the automatic orientation of aerial images. The 
second learning program, "Auto Orient", deals with practical 
details of the "Automatic orientation of aerial images on 
databases". The third program, which will be used in 2004 for 
the first time, is "LDIPInter2". The name stands for "Learning 
Digital Photogrammetry", part 2, and the program deals with 
several correlation (matching) techniques: ^ Area-based 
matching, feature-based matching and least squares matching. 
An application of the techniques is also included: The test of 
digital elevation models by means of two orthoimages. 
All three programs have a knowledge part and a task part. The 
given answers and solutions to the given tasks are tested and 
feedback is given to the user. The figures 5 and 6 give some 
ideas about the contents and the layout of the last two programs. 
93 
Theme 3: Area Based Matching 
IU? 
  
  
  
  
  
E inter2 
Task 3.2: Apply different geometric and radiometric models. 
Method Geometric model Radiometric model | Number of parameters 
A Shifs only “> 2 
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Which fs the most accurate method? [D | [Check | The answer is correct 
Figure 5. Task part of the learning program "LDIPInter2". 
In the theme on Area Based Matching the user can 
test different geometric and radiometric models. The 
achieved accuracy in the co-ordinate measurements 
will be displayed and the question "Which is the 
most accurate method?" has to be answered. The 
given answer is analysed and the learning program 
displays a comment. 
Theme 4: Application "Checking of Digital Elevation Be 
Models " ) inter 
Interz 
   
Ma - Tr Lu be checken and 
\ / 
b 
^ 
\ / 
\ / 
\ 7f h 
P,N dX 4 ted to 
DEM —— 
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ee 
j information 
  
Figure 6. Knowledge part of "LDIPInter2". 
The matching of image patches is applied to 
automatic parallax measurement between two 
orthoimages. The parallaxes are then converted to 
errors of the digital elevation models and the DEM 
can in this way be improved. The learning program 
explains the method by means of running text lines. 
More information is given in windows which pop up 
when the user clicks on the hypertext. The literature 
to this method, (Hôhle et al.), can be downloads 
from a server. 
7. SOME EXPERIENCES FROM E-LEARNING 
The participants of the first Euro-SDR e-learning courses 
evaluated the courses by means of questionnaires. Also the 
teachers of the courses discussed their experiences. The first 
findings were published in (Höhle, 2003), (Tempfli, 2003) and