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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B6. Istanbul 2004 
  
e the initial stage for setting up the modern digital 
cadastral system. 
e the emergency flood recovery project for Vistula, Warta 
and Odra valleys. 
The projects, which are related to the establisment of the 
topographic database (TBD) and the introduction of the digital 
cadastral system, are coordinated by the Head Office of 
Geodesy and Cartography within the KSiG concept. This office 
is the only governmental (civil) institution to coordinate all 
main projects in area of surveying and mapping. 
The responsible organization for the establishment of the Land 
Parcel Identification System (within IACS) is the Agency for 
Agriculture Modernization and Restructivization, under the 
Ministry of Agriculture. All these three projects require the 
digital orthophotography generated in the national reference for 
the entire country. However, the standards for the 
orthophotography (standards I and II) differ in respect to the 
various parts of Poland, because of the differences in the size of 
the land parcels and in other characteristics of the terrain. The 
South — East of country with small areas of land parcels 
require the aerial photography at scale not smaller than 1:13 
000 to produce the orthophoto in standard II with GSD of 0.25 
meter and the accuracy of 0.75 m. The remaining part of 
Poland require the photography at least 1:26 000 to generate 
the orthophotography in Standard I with GSD of 0.50 meter 
(accuracy about 1 - 1.5 m). The very high resolution satellite 
imagery (VHRS), such as IKONOS , QuickBird have been also 
used for the areas where the aerial photography is not efficient 
or difficult because of various reasons, as for example for the 
East part of Poland near the border with Russia and Ukraine. 
To check how the digital orthophotos can be used for the 
collection of the data on land parcels boundaries for the LPIS 
and cadastral purposes, two pilot projects based on the existing 
aerial photography at the above mentioned scales, for the 
selected parts of terrain located in the South and the North of 
Poland, were carried out by two companies (the Malopolska 
Surveying and Carographic Group S.A. in Tarnow and the 
Regional Enterprise for Surveying and Cartography in Olsztyn) 
in 2001/2002. It has been proved that the orthophoto and 
another photogrammetric data have been very useful for 
verification and modernization of the existing old graphical 
cadastral data, concerning land parcels in the rural areas. The 
analysis of the results and the recommandations obtained from 
these first experiments, have been very helpful to establish the 
technical standards for the use of photogrammetric data for the 
purpose of land parcels boundaries identification in respect to 
the modernization of cadastral data and the needs of the LPIS - 
IACS system. It has been found, that the archival aerial 
photography at 1:26 000 taken within the Phare project in 
1998/99 (or the existing orthophotography from these photos) 
can be used only for some areas in the North — East part of 
Poland (about 53 000 km”. Therefore, in 2004 the aerial 
photographs at 1:26 000, based on the new technical standards, 
are taken by the international and polish aerial companies for 
nearly half area of the country (about 150 000 km?). The 
photogrammetric compilation, such as aerial triangulation, 
generation of DTM and digital ortophotography are to be 
produced by various polish and foreign companies according 
to the tender regulations. 
In 2003, the South part of Poland (about 87 000 km?) was 
already covered by the aerial photography at 1:13 000. These 
photographs and the archival photos at 1:26 000 are presently 
compiled by ten polish private companies; a few Regional 
Enterprises for Surveying and Cartography (OPGK) and some 
purely Photogrammetric firms located in various cities. The 
253 
quality control of the produced photogrammetric products 
(aerial triangulation, DTM and orthophotography) is performed 
by the Consorcium of the Institute of Geodesy and 
Cartography, the Intergraph Poland and the OPGK - Rzeszow. 
For the North — East of Poland the orthophotography is 
presently compiled from the VHRS - imagery IKONOS by the 
polish Techmex Company and the quality control is performed 
by the OPGK Krakow and the Warsaw Surveying Enterprise 
(WPG). The speed in these photogrammetric works is dictated 
by the demands from the European Union to finalize the Land 
Parcel Identification System of the IACS within two years 
time. 
The technical standards for the National Topographic Database 
(TBD) in Poland consider the high involvement of 
photogrammetric technologies to feed data to three layers; the 
digital orthophoto layer (OFM), the Digital Elevation Model 
layer (NMT) and topographic objects — TOPO layer (ROT). 
This database is considered to have the accuracy and content of 
1:10 000 map and to include 17 000 modules (with three layers) 
for the entire country. Because of huge amount of data to be 
involved, the TBD will be established first for the urban areas. 
In pilot projects which have been accomplished for three areas 
with various types of terrain configuration, three blocks of 
total 470 photographs at scale 1:26 000 (taken within Phare 
1995/98 flight project), were used. The photogrammetric 
compilation was carried out in the Warsaw Surveying 
Enterprise (WPG) with the use of the automatic and semi — 
automatic modules of Z/I Image Station system. The results of 
these projects proved the usefulnes of the photographs at 1: 26 
000 for acquiring the data required in all three layers (OFM, 
NMT, ROT) in respect to the considered accuracy and the 
content as well. Therefore, the same aerial photographs which 
are to be taken for the land parcel identification can be used for 
creation or updating of the topographic database. Presently, the 
futher studies are carried out on one of the pilot area (Kujawsko 
— Pomorski) to integrate and organize all the data in the three 
layers and check the possibilities of their use to various 
applications. The study is presently also carried out in a few 
research projects to check how the high resolution satellite 
imagery can satisfy the requirements of TBD. 
The fourth key project is concerned with the use of digital 
photogrammetric methods for forecasting of the rivers floods 
within the Emergency Flood Recovery project for the valleys of 
the main rivers in Poland, Vistula, Warta and Odra (area about 
20 000 km? equivalent to 1747 map sheets at 1:10 000). The 
overall objective of this project is to reconstruct the 
infrastructure in urban and rural areas afflicted with the flood of 
'97 as well as to reduce treats and risk of potential floods in the 
future. One of the components of the project is the flood 
protection and risk reduction which is under responsibility of 
the Regional Water Development Authority, Krakow. The 
photogrammetric products, together with the existing 
cartographic data to be required for the analysis of the floods, 
are the DTM with the accuracy of the Mz Z 0.8 meters (for 
some selected features higher accuracy), the digital 
orthophotomap with GSD of 1.0 meter (with RMSE not larger 
than 3 pixels) and the digital topographic data base, based on 
the topographic map at 1:10 000 scale, with the content directed 
to the needs of flood protection and risk reduction. The 
photogrammetric products are produced from the colour 
photographs at 1:26 000 — taken under Phare project 1996-99 
(DTM partly from photographs at scale 1:17 000) by the Join 
Venture of BlumInfo A/S, Denmark, Tecsult Int. Ltd., Canada 
and Institute of Geodesy and Carography, Poland (IGiK), 
selected in respect to the international tender procedures. The