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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
  
Where: X1=M-2S X2=M+2S Yı=20 Y2=220 
M=Mean S= Standard deviation 
X= Original data Y= normalization data 
Normalized Data Range 
I 
220 À M:Moan 
ff S :Standarcd 
Pa Doviation 
/ i Original Data 
M-28 M M+25 Rango 
Figure 3. Normalization band data 
» Advanced vegetation index 
NDVI is unable to highlight subtle differences in canopy 
density. It has been found to improve by using power degree 
of the infrared response. The index thus calculated has been 
termed as advanced vegetation index (AVI). It has been more 
sensitive to forest density and physiognomic vegetation 
classes. AVI has been calculated using equation 3. 
AVI = {(B4 +1) (256-B3) (B4-B3)]'^ (3) 
AVI=0 If B4<B3 after normalization 
» Bar Soil Index 
The bare soil areas, fallow lands, vegetation with marked 
background response are enhanced using this index. Similar 
to the concept of AVI, the bare soil index (BI) is a 
normalized index of the difference sums of two separating 
the vegetation with different background viz. completely 
bare, sparse canopy and dense canopy etc. BI has been 
calculated using equation 4 and 5. 
(B5 B3)-(B4- Bl) (4) 
(BS + B3) + (B4 + BI) 
BIO = 
BI=BIO*100+100 (5) 
» Canopy shadow Index 
The crown arrangement in the forest stand leads to shadow 
pattern affecting the spectral responses. The young even aged 
stands have low canopy shadow index (ST) compared to the 
mature natural forest stands. The later forest stands show flat 
and low spectral axis in comparison to that of the open area. 
SI has been calculated using equation 6. 
  
SI 24/256 — B, (256 — B,)(256 = B,) (6) 
> Thermal Index (TI) 
Two (s) factors account for the relatively cool temperature 
inside a forest. One is the shielding effect of the forest 
canopy, which blocks and absorbs energy from the sun. The 
other is evaporation from the leaf surface, which mitigates 
warming. Formulation of the thermal index is based on this 
phenomenon. The source of thermal information is the 
infrared band of TM data (band6). The temperature data 
only has been used to separate soil and non-tree shadow. The 
color images produced from Landsat TM raw bands 4, 3, 2 
and 5, 4, 3 provide valuable information on the forest cover 
type distribution. The normalization operation is not 
conducted for band 6 due to treatment of temperature 
calibration. The temperature calibration of the thermal 
infrared band into the value of ground temperature has been 
done using equation 7 and 8. 
L=Lmin+ ((Lmax-Lmin)/255)*Q (7) 
T=K2/ (In (K1/L+1)) (8) 
Where L: value of radiance in thermal infrared. 
T: ground temperature (k). 
Q: digital record. 
K1, K2: calibration coefficients. 
K1=666.09 watts / (meter squared * ster* um) 
K2=1282.71 Kelvin 
Lmin- 0.1238 watts / (meter squared * ster* um) 
Lmax- 1.500 watts / (meter squared * ster* um) 
> The Procedure of FCD Model 
The flowchart of the procedure for FCD mapping model are 
illustrated in Fig.4. Image processed result corresponding to 
the flowchart shows in fig.3. 
  
| LANDSAT TM data | 
  
Ÿ 
Noise reduction process 
m " h a X : 
Scan line noise, Atmospheric 110158, 
Cloud area, Cloud shadow area, Water area, etc. 
  
  
  
  
| Range Normalization of TM data for each bands 
  
  
  
Advance Vegetation Index | Bare Soil mum Index hema Index 
Y v 
: We T ic] 
Vegetation/Bare soil | Black Sot] Detection | 
Synthesis Mode] 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
18 deannac Chad I "nav s atiel Tears 
QAGVanced onacow INGEE | spatsel Frocess 
  
shadow Percentage 
  
  
| Integration Model | 
| Forest Canopy Density Map | 
  
  
Figure 4. Flow chart of FCD Mapping Model 
> Vegetation Density; VD 
It is the procedure to synthesize VI and Bl. Processing 
method is using principal component analysis. Because