International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE URBANIZATION
PROCESS IN TURKEY
We cannot find any legal arrangements about urbanization and
urban planning in Ottoman Empire until the time of
Administrative Reforms in which private ownerships were
widespread. Due to the increase of construction areas, fires and
difficulties in preventing them, the arrangements about
settlement and construction in Istanbul had begun in the
middle of 19th century. The obligation of planning for the
cities was put in use with The Reconstruction Law numbered
2290 Municipality Construction and Highways Law, which
was accepted in 1930. Then The Reconstruction Law
numbered 6785 was put in use in 1956 and 3194 in 1985.
The urbanization in Turkey had begun to increase with the
expansion of population to 2,2 % per year after World War II.
(Table-1). And the population reached the highest ratio of
2,8% per year in 1960.
Years Population | Annual Increase Rate(%o0)
1927 13,648,270 T
1935 16,158,018 21.10
1940 17,820,950 19.59
1945 18,790,174 10.59
1950 20,947,188 21.73
1955 24,064,763 27.75
1960 27,754,820 28.53
1965 31,391,421 24.63
1970 35,605,176 28.19
1975 40,347,719 25.01
1980 44,736,957 20.65
1985 50,664,458 24.88
1990 56,473,035 21.71
2000 67,803,927 18.28
Table 1. Population rates in Turkey for years of census
(DIE, 2004)
In Europe, urbanization is caused by industrialization, but in
Turkey, such an urbanization, which is caused by, factors that:
|. Take the population away from village life and
agriculture,
2. The development in transportation sector and vehicles.
This urbanization period, which is not caused by fast
industrialization, is described as movement of poverty and
hidden unemployment in villages to cities. (Keles, 2002) Poor
people, who can't be employed after migration to city, try to
solve the problem of house by building shanties outside of
planned area.
Although urbanization affects the whole cities generally, it can
be said that it affects the fast growing cities differently. In the
period of 1990-2000 populations in Istanbul increased by
2.306.005 and in Ankara by 703.720. In other words, in the
metropolises like Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, the places, which
will provide residence to the increasing population, should be
566
planned. If it is taken into consideration that according to 2000
census, population. of 61 cities are under 500.000, the
importance of residential planning can be seen clearly. Because
the appropriate planning is not carried out, reconstruction
amnesty is applied in every two or three years since 1948 and
de facto is tried to be legalized.
Jt is estimated that average annual urbanisation rate between
1995-2000 is 4.7 percent. The urban population, which was
estimated to be 34.4 million in 1995, is expected to reach 43.3
million at the end of 2000 and constitutes 66.4 percent of the
total population. Urban population that was estimated to be
43.3 million in 2000 is expected to reach 54.7 million by the
end of 2005 constituting 78 percent of the total population. In
the 8th Plan period (2001-2005), it is expected that the rate of
urbanisation will be realised by an average of 4.75 percent
annually. The urbanisation phenomenon that started to
accelerate in 1950s has led to accumulation of population
crowds in big cities hampering a balanced urban distribution.
This situation led to significant problems related to change in
social and economic structures, and rapidly increasing urban
investment needs. Unlike the case in developed countries, the
urbanisation process in Turkey has occurred as a migration
phenomenon in which urban poverty is preferred to rural. At
the end of 2000, 44 percent of the urban population, 23 percent
of which is in Istanbul is expected to be settled in cities whose
population is over one million. In the 8th Plan period,
additional housing requirement in settlements with a
population of 20.000 or more, will be 2.714.000 due to
demographic developments. Additionally, 72.200 houses per
year, a total of 361.000 in five years, will be needed for some
other reasons like renewals and natural disasters, including
former needs caused by disasters. Consequently, the total
housing requirement in the plan period, stemming from
urbanisation, population growth, renewal and natural disasters,
is 3.075.000 (LTSEFYD, 2004)
The problem is not only the deficiency of planning but also the
deficiency of collecting geographic data and information
related to determination of de facto needed in planning, fast
and actually. Because of this problem, planning steps and
connection between the plans can not be carried out
adequately.
4. URBAN PLANNING PROCESS IN TURKEY
The legal part of urban planning includes legal arrangements,
such as urban development law, which arrange urban, urban
conservation, removing of unbalance between regions etc.
Urban planning hierarchy in Turkey was arranged by urban
development law numbered 3194. The connection between
national plan which is important for economy, and
development plans is tried to solve with regional plans and
environmental plans.
a) Regional Plans: Regional planning is arisen from
urbanization, urban problems and the necessity of
planning of cities and rural areas, which effect the cities
or are effected by cities because of unbalance between
regions, together. (Bozkurt, Ergun, 1998)
Inter.
Who
struc
attril
geog
prep
plan:
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