)04
are
ect
the
of
of
ion
ich
of
not
ath
nal
ure
nce
aly
aly
ilar
| as
bor
cS
< ad
C
—
C
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
depend on M and o because they are calculated from the pixels
of the normal concrete.
The anomalies under NS are discriminated as pattern 1 or
pattern 2 in table 5. On the other hand, those under SM and SA
are discriminated as pattern 2 only and those under SB are
mostly discriminated as pattern 3. These patterns don't directly
imply any type of concrete anomalies, however, they can be a
clue for further analysis of the relationship between concrete
anomaly and its temperature distribution.
No pixel was discriminated as the concrete anomaly in line 2
under SA. The pixels like pixel -2 in line lof NS, pixel 2 in line
2 of SB, and pixel -2 in line 3 of SM are judged as anomaly but
are isolated. They might be mixels with vegetation or other land
cover types.
Actually most of the pixels with concrete anomaly are mixels
because the width of a crack or a peeling is within 3cm. The
distribution trend of the temperature and the result of T-test
suggest that airborne thermal remote sensing data is valid for
detecting concrete anomaly.
7. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we examined the applicability of airborne thermal
remote sensing data for concrete thermal mapping and anomaly
detection. The shadow effect for the radiant temperature was
measured. The distribution of 4 major land cover types without
anomaly under several shadow conditions showed unique trends.
Statistical T-test was proposed for the detection of concrete
anomaly. The proposed method was capable. Airborne thermal
remote sensing data with 1.5 m is insufficient for the detailed
analysis of concrete anomalies, but the results indicate that there
are great possibilities for detecting the anomaly position.
Future research directions include (1) shadow simulation with
DTM of appropriate resolution to the image, (2) utilization of
multitemporal and high resolution thermal images, (3) data
fusion with optical remote sensing data and ancillary spatial
information, and (4) development of algorithms for the
detection of the concrete anomaly.
59]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is report 1 from a collaborative research plan
between PASCO Corporation and the Center for the Assessment
and Monitoring of Forest and Environmental Resources
(CAMFER), University of California, Berkeley.
REFERENCES
Ben-Dor, E., Saaroni, H., 1997, Airborne video thermal
radiometry as a tool for monitoring microscale structures of the
urban heat island, International Journal of Remote Sensing,
Vol.18, No. 14, pp.3039-3053
Dare, P.M., et al., 2002, An operational application of automatic
feature extraction: The measurement of cracks in concrete
structures, Photogrammetric record, Vol.17, No.99, pp.453-464
Doihara, T., et al, 1998, Hierarchical image processing for
crack measurement on concrete structures, Bulletin of Japan
society of photogrammetry and remote sensing, Vol.37, No.3,
pp.52-64 (In Japanese)
Gustavsson, T., 1999, Thermal mapping — a technique for road
climatological studies, Meteorological Applications, Vol.6,
pp.385-394
Nichol, J.E., 1996, High-resolution surface temperature patterns
related to urban morphology in a tropical city: A satellite-based
study, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol.35, No.l,
pp.135-146
Qin, Z., Berliner, P., and Karnieli, A., 2001, A mono-window
algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat
TM data and its application to Israel-Egypt border region,
International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.18,
pp.3719-3746
Quattrochi, D.A., Luvall, J.C., 1999, Thermal infrared remote
sensing for analysis of landscape ecological processes: methods
and applications, Landscape Ecology, Vol.14, No.6, pp. 577-598
Ramsey, M.S. Fink, J.H., 1999, Estimating silicic lava
vesicularity with thermal remote sensing: a new technique for
volcanic mapping and monitoring, Bulletin of Volcanology,
Vol.61, No.1-2, pp.32-39
