International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote S 
  
observation time of each GAC image. The majority 
of fire activity occurred between August-October of 
the first calendar year (Year 0), and between 
February-April of the following year (Year 1) in 
each El Niño event. A strong ENSO-fire 
relationship was found when the total 16-months 
sum of ENSO index anomaly in the Niño 3 region 
of the Pacific Ocean, from January of Year 0 to 
April of Year 1, plotted against the total fire activity 
of the same time period. These 16 months counted 
for 80.61% of the total 10-years El Niño related fire 
activity in Borneo. Therefore, the fire activity in 
Borneo over El Niño periods could be potentially 
forecasted some months in advance based on 
prediction of Niño 3 anomaly. 
Acknowledgments 
Thanks to Luis Giglio from Goddard Space Flight 
Center, NASA for providing the TRMM-VIRS fire 
diumal data for Borneo. The former author 
supported with a PhD studentship by the State 
Scholarships Foundation (IKY) of Greece, and 
travel grants by: University of London Central 
Research Fund, Remote Sensing and 
Photogrammetry Society, King's College London 
Sargeaunt Travel Fund and Small Grants Scheme. 
References 
Belward, A. S., and Lambin, E., 1990, Limitations 
to the identification of spatial structures from 
AVHRR data: International Journal of Remote 
Sensing, 11(5), 921-927 
Giglio L., Kendal J.D., Tucker C.J., 2000, Remote 
sensing of fires with the TRMM VIRS: 
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21 (1): 
203-207. 
Kaufman, Y. J., Fraser, R. S., and Ferrare, R. A., 
1990, Remote sensing of biomass burning in the 
tropics: Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 9927- 
9939. 
Kidwell, K., 1998, NOAA Polar Orbiter Data 
User's Guide, Satellite Data Services Division., 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric. 
Administration., Washington, D. C. 
Kitzberger, T., 2002, ENSO as a forewarning tool of 
regional fire occurrence in northern Patagonia, 
Argetina: International Journal of Wildland Fire, 
11, 33-39. 
Legg, C. A. and Laumonier, Y., 1999, Fires in 
Indonesia, 1997: a remote sensing perspective: 
Ambio, 28, 479-485. 
Malingreau, J. R., Stephens, G., and Fellows, 1. 
1985, Remote Sensing of Forest fires: Kalimantan 
and North Borneo in 1982-83: Ambio, 14, 6. 
Simard, A.J., Haines, D.A,, Main, W.A., 1985, 
Relations between El Niño / Southern Oscillation 
anomalies and wild land fire activity in the United 
600 
ensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
States: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 36, 
93-104. 
Swetnam, T.W., Betancourt, J.L., 1990, Fire- 
Southern Oscillation relations in the southwestern 
United States: Science, 249, 1017-1021. 
Wooster, M.J., and Strub, N., 2000, Study of the 
1997 Borneo Fires: Quantitative analysis using 
Global Area Coverage (GAC) satellite data, Global 
Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1-12, 
10.1029/2000GB001357. 
KE 
AB 
Mal 
ima 
soh 
met 
dam 
larg 
will 
Serv 
floo 
data 
Mar 
Mar 
in th 
Rec: 
PDC 
cool 
floo« 
tropi 
amoi 
crop 
rice.