International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
Lake vicinity and south coast of izmit Bay are the areas of Vectors obtained form Esme measurements show a displacement 
interest in the project. implies especially with faulting in the east and southeast direction. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
EA Obtained vectors from the west corner of Sapanca Lake do not 
The permanent ground deformations were measured through the show a unique direction. There is a similar movement with that of 
aerlal photogrammetry technique at several sites within the Esme in the north of the model, while sparse movement in the 
earthquake region. The three-dimensional coordinates of the south of model because of varying soil structure and locating fault. 
common points on pre- and post- earthquake photographs were And vectors in the area of Sapanca Otel have directions mainly to 
determined, and the differences between them are interpreted as north, upward the Lake because of the liquefaction (Figure 2). To 
the liquefaction and faulting induced displacements (Aksu et al., explain the results better, detailed measurements have been made 
2002). at coastline area of first measurement regions too. 
2. MEASUREMENTS 
Geodetic surveying activities were carried out and aerial 
photographs were taken in 1:16.000 scales covering the areas 
Avcilar, Yalova, izmit, Adapazari by General Command of 
Mapping on September 8", 1999 after the Marmara earthquake. 
dhese It is ideal to use aerial photographs pertaining to pre- and post- 
process situation of earthquake in large scales (such as 1:5.000, 
tions in 1:10.000) for determination of liquefaction and faulting. But 
because of not having triangulation points of 1:16.000 scaled 
e used, photos taken in 1970, 1:35.000 scaled aerial photographs taken 
in 1994 were to be used instead. Although it seems a 
1ced by disadvantage to use small scale photographs, temporal 
easured resolution that is closest dates for the pre- and post-situation 
rya city aerial photographs is especially preferred in the areas like 
1rement Marmara region which have dense new structuring. 
ova. 
ographs Digital aerial triangulation measurements and block adjustments 
ne were were implemented using scanned aerial photographs in 21 
ommon 1 m. Root mean square error of 6-8 4/ m. obtained from this 
between process is normally acceptable for topographic mapping in 
GCM. As many and well-distributed common points as possible 
have been selected on the aerial photographs for coordinate 
measurements. These points are on the features where artificial 
ges and displacements are minimum, such as junction of roads, bridges Figure 2. Displacement vectors around the Sapanca Hotel 
structure and buildings (Atak et al., 2003). After obtaining the horizontal 
ier aun and vertical displacements, images and displacement vectors Second phase measurements were also implemented in eight 
a were merged and so the results could be interpreted (Hamada, different areas on the coastline of Izmit Bay in addition to 
1992). Sapanca Lake. Obtained results can be seen in Table II. 
gual First, cartesian coordinates have been measured in the IZMIT BAY RESULTANT VECTOR 
ét photogrammetric models of Sapanca Lake vicinity. Movement <(POST-PRE)(1999-1994)> 
m almost ves have been calculated by eem Of ns ses AREA Point DE DN DL DV 
she past 0 e common points. Resu $ about the Sapanca Lake NAME | Number (m) (m) (m) (m) 
dic not measurements can be seen in Table I. 
rE BASISKELE 
Eme SAPANCA RESULTANT VECTOR Mean | 48 -1.389 | -1.482 | 2.766 | 1.021 
emt LAKE <(POST-PRE)(1999-1994)> N 
G Ofen AREA (Point | DE | DN | DL | DV SEGME 
too, the NAME Number‘! (m) (m) (m) (m) Mean | 147 -1.064 | -1.146 | 2.317 | -0.132 
kes (like = GOLCUK : 
of more Oi Meam | 92 -1.580 | -1.259 | 2.440 | -2481 
faction) Mean 1 418 0.410 | 0.835| 1.460; -1.714 DECIRMENDERE 
serves a Mean | 132 -1.354 | -1.215 | 2.445 | -0.602 
by both on 2 219 0.4671 1.207] 1.778 | -2.041 HALIDERE 
et € DIVE > “12 i 
dis Mean | 305 [2351] -0428]| 2660] 0.617 Men A 6 L278 1 0385 | 2.058 | -1.454 | 
e 2.575| 0.193| 2.849| 0.762 5 T 
: ven. © P 122 Mean | 71 -0.438 | 0.354 | 1.399 | -0.680 i 
azar! an à | 
measure Mean 1 423 0.608 | 0.291 | 3.036; 0.602 EA 145 2.069 | 1.112 | 2.881 | -1.505 l 
d faulting Mean 2 50 1.304 | 0.764] 2.245} 0.131 YALOVA li 
General Mean 2-Detailed Measurements Mean | 301 1.637 | 0.709 | 2.155 | 1.037 I 
, Sapanca l 
Table 1. Sapanca Lake area measurements and results 
649 
Table 2. izmit Bay measurements and results