04 
fa 
the 
ima 
of 
and 
y to 
of 
irs, 
igle 
ally 
«els 
phy 
don 
the 
jals 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
are smaller after exterior orientation than after absolute 
orientation. It is assumed to be predominantly a consequence 
of the errors of relative orientation. The results show that 
exterior orientation gives best solution in this case. If ground 
control can be duly realized, the terrestrial photography can 
be considered as a feasible method for the glacier change 
detection of small areas. 
5. ACKNOLEDGEMENT 
The authors are grateful to the European Commission for 
financial support. The study was done as a part of the 
OMEGA project (EVK2-CT-2000-00069 in the 5" 
framework), from which also the laser data was obtained. We 
also want to thank our Austrian and Norwegian partners for 
their help during the field work. 
6. REFERENCES 
Benn, D.I. and Evans, D.J.A 1998. Glaciers and glaciation. 
734 pp. Edward Arnold, Oxford. 
Betterton, M.D. 2001. Theory of structure formation in 
snowfields motivated by penitentes, suncups and dirt cones. 
The American Physical Society, Physical review E 63, 1-12. 
Drewry, D.J. 1972. A quantitative assessment of dirt-cone 
dynamics. Journal of Glaciology 11: 63, 431-446. 
Ferguson, Sue A. 1992. Glaciers of North America. A field 
guide. 176 pp. Fulcrum publishing, Golden, Co, USA. 
Finsterwalder, R. 1954. Photogrammetry and glacier research 
with special reference to glacier retreat in the Eastern Alps. 
Journal of Glaciology 2:15, 306-314. 
Gao, J. and Liu, Y. 2001. Applications of remote sensing, 
GIS and GPS in glaciology: a review. Progress in Physical 
Geography 25:4, 520-540. 
Haggrén, H., Nuikka, M., Junnilainen, H. and Jürvinen, J., 
2001. Photogrammetric approach for archaeological 
documentation of an ancient road, CIPA 2001, International 
Symposium - Surveying and Documentation of Historic 
Buildings - Monuments - Sites - Traditional and Modern 
Methods , Potsdam University (Germany), September 18 - 
21, 2001 
Kajuutti, K. 1989. Jäätikôn pinnalla olevan materiaalin 
vaikutus jáátikón sulamiseen. Terra 101:3, 261-264. 
Kirkbride, M.P. 1995. Processes of transportation. In 
Menzies, J. (ed.): Modern glacial environments, 261-292. 
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford. 
Póntinen, P., 2002: Camera calibration by rotation. Int. Arch. 
of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 34(5), pp 585-589. 
Ostrem, G. 1959. Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine 
and the existence of ice cores in moraine ridges. Geografiska 
Annaler 41: 4, 228-230. 
  
Theakstone, W.H. 1997. Mapping changing glaciers. Aarhus 
Geoscience 7, 101-111. 
773 
ZA Imaging, 2001. Z/1 Imaging Corporation, Software 
Support Service, Alabama, USA.