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4. ECONOMIC BENEFITS 
Use of a specification has several economic benefits. 
Firstly, it ensures the client has a clear understanding of 
the survey being delivered. It allows a measurable check 
against the delivered data thereby ensuring best value. It 
also minimises occasions when it is necessary to ask for 
further work. Finally the delivery of appropriate 
metadata allows quick and easy access to the available 
data. 
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK 
The process of defining a specification has allowed the 
compilation of the significant issues relating to using 
laser scanning for the survey of cultural heritage. It has 
successfully produced a working document that can now 
be further developed. It is necessary to continue to 
consider how laser scanning may be used most 
effectively for the survey of cultural heritage in general. 
There is also a need to consolidate guidance on laser 
scanning as a whole, for both airborne and terrestrial 
systems. 
Further work is required to define standard deliverables 
relevant to cultural heritage subjects. These standard 
deliverables should reflect the capabilities of the 
machines on the desktop of archaeology and architecture 
units. These may be 2D or 3D vector drawings, meshed 
models using raking light to highlight particular features 
or perhaps CAD models with annotations providing 
condition assessment or aiding interpretation. It is also 
necessary to outline the use of additional data sources to | 
supplement laser scanning and to decide on suitable data 
formats for the archiving of point clouds. 
A further requirement is the definition of the minimum 
standards for software and hardware to allow 
archacologists to view data from laser scanning. The 
education and training of archaeologists in ways to 
manipulate this data to improve their interpretation of a 
subject or site is also a necessity. 
Throughout the project, including surveys undertaken at 
Tynemouth Priory, Newcastle (Barber et al., 2003), it 
was problematic to undertake effective data management. 
This made production of metadata difficult and may lead 
to resistance by commercial contractors to supply the 
required information. Better data management systems, 
including archiving systems, would benefit all areas that 
utilise laser scanning in order to facilitate faster data 
retrieval. 
As detailed in IEC 60825 (2001) class 3B and class 4 
lasers have been deemed unsuitable for use in survey 
applications. Further work and investigation on the effect 
of lasers of any class on living materials such as lichens 
or on delicate paint work would be of particular interest. 
The specification is now available for use by English 
Heritage in defining project briefs and by contractors for 
undertaking surveys by laser scanning. Most recently it 
has been used by English Heritage in the tendering 
process for a laser scanning survey of the Chester 
Amphitheatre site, Cheshire. The addendum is, however, 
expected to gradually evolve over the next few years to 
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incorporate both the experience of use and increasing 
technological advances. 
6. REFERENCES 
Barber, D. M., Mills, J. P. and Bryan, P. G., 2003. 
Towards a standard specification for terrestrial laser 
scanning. International Archives of Photogrammetry and 
Remote Sensing, 34(5/C15): 619-624. 
Beraldin, J.-A., Blais, F., Cournoyer, L., Rioux, M. 
Bernier, F. and Harrison, N., 1998. Portable digital 3-D 
imaging system for remote sites. Proceedings, IEEE 
International Symposium on Circuits and System, 
Monterey: 488—493. 
Beraldin, J.-A., Picard, M., El-Hakim, S. F., Goudin, G., 
Latouche, C., Valzano, V. and Bandiera, A., 2002. 
Exploring a Byzantine crypt through a high-resolution 
texture mapped 3D model: combining range data and 
photogrammetry. Proceedings, International Workshop 
on Scanning for Cultural Heritage Recording, Corfu, 
Greece. 160 pages: 65-70. 
Bewley, R. H., 2003. Aerial survey for archaeology. 
Photogrammetric Record, 18(104): 273-292. 
Butler, L., 1997. Clifford' s Tower and the Castles of 
York. English Heritage. 24 pages. 
Bryan, P. G. and Blake, B., 2000. Metric survey 
specification for English Heritage. English Heritage. 
Swindon, 111 pages. 
IEC, 2001. Safety of laser products — Part 1: Equipment 
classification, requirements and users guide. Edition 1.2. 
International Standard, IEC 60825-1. 
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The authors wish to thank the steering committee Clive 
Boardman, Bill Blake, Tom Cromwell, Tony Davies, 
Graham Hunter, Faraz Ravi and Tony Rodgers, in 
addition to acknowledging the assistance of Leica 
Geosystems, Z+F-UK and Riegl UK. The authors also 
wish to thank the project sponsors, English Heritage 
Archaeology Commissions Team (Project No. 3378).