They are the map sheets which are produced with numeric or 
line measurement values with the scale of 1/1,000 at residential 
areas, or the scale of 1/2,000 at non-residential areas if there is 
no photogrammetric map during facility cadastre. In general, 
densification is done with intersection points and string 
triangulation starting from first, second and third order 
triangulation points during the production of these map sheets. 
The accuracy of ground control point at map sheets produced by 
this method affects whole detail points. Since produced map 
sheets are opened in UTM projection system with respect to full 
map sheet system, in case there is a possible error, edging with 
borders produced at neighbor unit is never obtained. In this 
case, empty or overlapping areas are seen. With this method, 
prismatic survey was done at residential areas whereas classic 
tacheometric survey was done at non-residential areas, until the 
use of electronic tacheometers. Once again, as operator talent 
and measurement accuracy are important at measurements done 
in these areas, numeric values may correspond to erroneous 
spots in some regions. 
4.6 Numeric Method based on ITRF 
They are the studies which are done via tendering procedure 
within the context of law numbered 3402-5304. As GPS is used 
actively in this process, only random errors can be in question. 
This type of errors can be overcome easily within the system 
(TKGM Turkish National Transformation Project Report 2008). 
5. CURRENT STATUS AND PROBLEMS 
ENCOUNTERED 
In Turkey, there are map sheets on various datums produced by 
either TKGM or another institutions and organizations. 
Problems encountered on these map sheets can be grouped 
under two categories. 
5.1 Integration Problems on Map Sheets Produced at Same 
Datum 
Despite the fact that map sheets produced at same datum 
generally have inner consistency, they have a frequently 
encountered issue which is being full of random and systematic 
errors. [t is very hard to detect such errors. For example, 
dependency of control points established in a region to route, 
inner consistency of detail points measured from that route; 
however, drift in the level of meters when generated from other 
routes. Besides, skipping necessary reductions during the 
production of control points can make the network consistent in 
itself, but will make inconsistent in global sense. For example, 
Arakli and Sürmene are two neighbor districts of Trabzon City. 
For these cities, there are map sheets produced at both ED-50 
and the local datum in the past years. Under normal conditions, 
border map sheets of these two cities have to have edging 
property. However, edging does not occur in real or an empty 
buffer zone is seen between the two districts or overlapped 
parcels are seen. 
5.2 Integration Problems on Map Sheets Produced at 
Different Datums 
Map sheets produced at different datums are the biggest 
problem. In this type of map sheets, inner random/systematic 
errors preclude association with a map sheet produced at same 
system as well as integration with a different datum not 
surprisingly. The problem would be bigger if the system was 
produced with one of the methods from local, national or 
graphic. For instance, there are three working areas which are 
produced with local, national or graphic methods one by one. 
Under normal conditions, edging will never be obtained at these 
three map sheets and different transformation parameters will be 
applied (TKGM Turkish National Transformation Project 
Report 2008). 
6. SUGGESTIONS AND RESULTS 
Problems given in general under the two subtitles above can be 
solved by the suggestions and methods indicated below (TKGM 
Turkish National Transformation Project Report 2008). 
1) Point sets assumed to be on ED-50, having inner consistency 
but containing gross errors when considered in network 
structure and distortions arisen from partly erroneous projection 
reductions should be determined using a proper test technique 
and if they have a systematic effect, they should be embodied in 
a new point set through re-modeling, which has an appropriate 
distribution character. Proper point sets should be determined 
by both additional and available measurements to be able to 
make a new modeling. 
2) Measurements on various reference epochs (1998.00, 
2000.45, 2005.00 and new epochs oncoming) of ITRF datum 
should be transferred to a common epoch. All the necessary 
data is present within the archive of TKGM. 
3) Making legal arrangement in the article of Legal Law, which 
is the biggest obstacle, with regard to a report obtained after 
doing an adequate technical research on a suitable background 
will be more effective. In order to prevent misapplications here 
such as loss of a right, second cadastre formulae whose 
flexibility are not opened to interpretation should definitely be 
searched and remedies for this consideration should be sought 
with respect to legal background, technical aspect and resource 
procurement of this work. Moreover, this remedy should be 
applied in multidirectional cadastre as indicated in 2014 
cadastre expansion. 
4) Reliability of points used in ED-50 — ITRF transformations 
done by TKGM up to now should be re-examined and inner 
confidence standards should be well determined. Besides, it is 
obvious that stable establishments will highly enlighten the 
transformation. Studies done by various methods should 
primarily be examined and concordance to each other should be 
researched. Moreover, it should be found out that how much 
part of the base plates can be saved. While carrying out this 
work, field test measurements should certainly be done and 
results should be acquired in a way to generate accurate data. 
This accurate statistical data should be quickly finalized and 
relevant decisions should be taken and performed. 
5) Cadastral base plates produced by cadastre organization 
should absolutely be passed through control mechanism. With 
this study, it is realized that transformation of graphic cadastral 
base plates to digital form is quite hard and impossible to 
perform for all areas. Particularly, it is observed that thinking 
digitization process in cadastral block scale instead of map sheet 
scale is more convenient, because different cadastral blocks in 
same map sheets can include both consistent and inconsistent 
cadastral blocks. In practical terms, consistent cadastral blocks 
can be converted to digital form, yet re-cadastre should 
definitely be done for the rest. 
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