pt in cartography 
> is structuring space and 
n’s memory/ experience/ 
ystems are discussed. 
nay enhance or facilitate 
this paper a first review 
lizing emotional geogra- 
1s is reviewed. This pro- 
| emotional responses to 
| navigating our environ- 
raluation of the relevance 
response to space in nav- 
[IONS 
sted and developed for 
| in this context as one of 
ion, cognition, memory, 
devices and sensors can 
Different emotional ex- 
/e been identified in the 
inger, sadness, happiness, 
1, joy, boredom, sadness, 
i 1995); anger, fear, sad- 
atral, happiness, sadness, 
r 1995) and fear, anger, 
1995). 
t for measuring the expe- 
al 2008): 
s (often elicited from the 
ie. form of interviews Of 
2, ECG (electrocardio- 
am), GSR (galvanic skin 
/smograph) 
be automated to a certain 
time period to come to 
its & questionnaires this 
utes, while for behaviour 
the order of seconds and 
for physiology recordings events might already get noticed over 
the time course of several milliseconds. Jennifer A. Healey 
made a comparison on different physiology recordings (ECG, 
EMG, GSR, BVR) in (Healey 2008). Martin Ouwerkerk sug- 
gested using unobtrusive/unnoticeable sensing for physiology 
recordings. The key technology of this is *miniature wireless 
sensors" (Ouwekerk et al 2008). 
For products and services, the emotional qualities of experi- 
ences are very important. For services as tools (which are meant 
to save time) positive experiences are seen as an asset, whereas 
negative experience should be avoided. Typical leisure time 
services (which are meant to spend time on), on the other hand, 
are often intended to deliver emotions, positive and negative 
alike. A wayfinding service can be seen as somehow inbetween 
the function of leisure time services and tool services. 
Three types of measurement environments have been used 
and tested (Healey 2008) so far for sensing emotions, including 
a laboratory setting, an ambulatory setting and an automobile 
szenario. The challenges for eliciting affective responses in- 
clude: 
a. The main challenge with measuring affective response in 
the laboratory is generating authentic affective responses 
within the short time the subjects participate and within 
the ethical guidelines of most oversight committees on 
the use of human subjects. 
b. The two greatest challenges in the ambulatory environ- 
ment are differentiating affective physiological responses 
from other physiological responses and accurately captur- 
ing affective ground truth. 
c The automobile provides a compromise situation where 
the subject has restrained movement and where the situa- 
tional ground truth can be recorded but where the subject 
can also face genuinely dangerous and unexpected situa- 
tions. Although the range of emotions experienced while 
driving can be limited, the strength of fecling is often 
genuine and strong. 
There are not many reported applications about making use 
of sensored emotions available. Mincheol Whang gave an ex- 
ample of “emotional computer” (2008), and Ben Mulder et al. 
used “Physiological Measures” for task adaptation (2008). 
3. EMOTIONAL WAYFINDING 
The emotional significance of a particular space may enhance 
its remembrance and increase the accuracy of direction deci- 
sions. Despite the strong component of internal decision making 
and memory in wayfinding, however, no psychological litera- 
ure was found that specifically addressed the facilitative signif- 
lance of emotional landmarks in the context of every day 
Wayfinding and navigation. Instead, references in the psycho- 
logical literature pertaining to emotional landmarks are often 
"aue, ill defined, or applied in a different context. Articles 
viewed were generally centered on carly childhood emotional 
development/ developmental delay, emotional trauma, end-of- 
life developmental landmarks. Thus, any reference to emotional 
Wographies is usually discussed within the context of inner 
Personal growth arising from a traumatic event. Other research- 
os have focused on understanding the cognitive representations 
ofa Person's perception of a spatial environment through cogni- 
live maps. Cognitive mapping deals with the underlying psy- 
chological structure of the environment as well as the distance 
tween places. Thus, the psychological literature has drawn 
freely from geographic terminology as a way of articulating the 
ternal navigational process(es) associated with emotional 
growth or cognitive representations, whereas the geographical 
literature has focused predominantly on navigating and 
wayfinding in the external, physical environment. Although 
neither of these literature areas investigated the role of emotion- 
al landmarks as an aid to navigating the external physical (or 
virtual) environment directly, much can be learned from a brief 
review as research in both areas attempt to understand the inner 
navigation process and/or inner spatial representation of the 
individual. Currently, the role that emotion plays in facilitating 
way finding and navigation has been difficult to examine. Lack 
of rescarch geared toward the development of appropriate 
methodologies may stem partially from cultural biases toward 
favouring logic or cognitive strategies and denying or devaluing 
the role(s) of emotion. 
The measurement of unconscious awareness has had limited 
success to date, perhaps because the study of consciousness was 
until recently viewed as “unsuitable for scientific research" 
(Zahavi, 2004) and regarded with suspicion (Damasio, 1999). A 
recent increase in the literature suggests there is a resurgence of 
interest in this topic likely due to changes in technological de- 
velopment and conceptual changes (Zahavi, 2004). Instead, an 
interesting paper by Merskey (1997)--in which he struggled to 
define consciousness in the context of pain and behaviour-- 
appears to be quite relevant to the current topic. He identified 
three elements of consciousness: (1) the occurrence of an ob- 
servable external event accompanied by an experience (i.e., 
sensation or emotion--with or without an external reference 
point); (2) an internal emotional state, and (3) an awareness of 
knowing something. Merskey further stated that, in the first 
element, there may or may not be some sort of external refer- 
ence point. This particular definition of consciousness may 
provide an important starting point for research investigating 
emotional landmarks in the real or virtual world. For example, it 
is proposed here, that a landmark may include both an internal 
and an external reference point--connected via both an individu- 
al's emotional state as well as his or her cognitions. This idea is 
consistent with Goldie's (2000) classification of feelings as 
internally focused (i.c., feelings related to one’s own bodily 
sensations) versus externally focused (i.c., feelings related to an 
object). It is also proposed here that the third element identified 
by Merskey—awareness of knowing something—may serve as 
the mechanism for obtaining information about emotional 
landmarks. 
The utility of an emotional response to space does not mini- 
mize or eliminate the relevance of building a cognitive map of 
an environment. Rather, an emotional landmark is thought to 
enhance (positively or negatively) the ability to develop a cog- 
nitive map; emotional processing is presumed to be automatic 
and without conscious choice. The ability to link the emotion to 
a specific event at a specific landmark may facilitate not only 
way finding and navigation during times when one’s cognitive 
state is overloaded, but it may actually speed up the every day 
process of cognitive mapping. Such an exploration may also 
help elucidate individual differences in the self-estimation of 
spatial anxiety and environmental competencies that were dis- 
cussed by Schmitz (1999), as well as reveal how emotional 
landmarks relate to landmark and/or route finding preferences. 
Although not stated, the primary and secondary types of survey 
knowledge reported by Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth (1982) 
which are acquired through immediate interaction with the envi- 
ronment would, presumably, be linked with the emotional and 
sensory state of the explorer. An examination of the role of 
emotional landmarks, therefore, may contribute to our 
knowledge of navigation and way finding in the physical world, 
in cyberspace in general, and cybercartography in particular. 
Although not specifically referred to as emotional landmarks, 
the ideas discussed above are consistent with the conceptual 
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