model of the environment-behaviour interaction developed by 
Kitchin (1996) which suggests that knowledge acquisition of 
the environment is derived through emotionally biased memory- 
processing systems. 
4. CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE 
Emotional response to space can be characterized by its emo- 
tional significance for an individual, wheras a physical connec- 
tion to the environment does not exist. The individual moulding 
of an objects' emotional significance can be further classified to 
direct-, indirect- and collaborative response according to the 
form and status of physiological development (Davidson et al 
2006). 
Direct responses to space or spatial objects are created by di- 
rect episodic experiences, thus form direct episodic memories. 
The dependency on time is source for further determination to 
"history based episodes", which bases on individual experiences 
in the past, and “current episodes”, where current emotions and 
experiences build up new landmarks within the personal 
knowledge base. 
Indirect landmarks are built up by “third party events”, 
which form some kind of semantic memory based on third party 
narrations. The creation of indirect semantic landmarks may be 
achieved by personal narrations of others, where variations of 
emotional response depending on the basis of relation- 
confidence are expectable, or factual knowledge extracted from 
different kind of media, like books, data, news, etc.. 
Collaborative responses to space are the result of demo- 
graphic reasoning. Although this class seems to consist of an 
external, thus non individual, component, this is the result of 
stochastic evaluation. Actually no physical obvious relations, 
but physiological accordances among the user-group to specific 
objects or behaviors may be observable. The result of these 
observations describes social landmarks, which should have 
strong relations to individual episodes and the internal 
knowledge of the individual. 
In order to serve as additional “layer” or landmark for navi- 
gation tasks each of these classes need to have a link to space. 
This reference to the external, real environment may be in form 
of a direct or indirect connection to or description of space with 
various granularities and degree of emotional response. As next 
step an empirical verification of the concept with various user 
groups and different scenarios is aimed at. 
5. openemotionalmap.org 
Environmental factors, such as safety, convenience, and attrac- 
tiveness, are relevant for the perceived route quality in pedestri- 
an navigation (Schmidt et al., 2011). 
Although these factors are not emotions itself, they are affec- 
tive evaluations caused by the environment. In a current project 
at Vienna University of Technology (“EmoMap-Project”), the 
aim is to gather emotional responses evoked by the environ- 
ment. These emotional responses to space will be therefore 
modelled as a person’s evaluation of affective qualities. The 
methodolody consists of user-centered approaches including 
user evaluations of the environment by ratings. We expect the 
collected data to be — at least to some extent - “cleaned” from 
non-spatial feelings of the person. According to Russell (2003) 
affective qualities are routinely evaluated anytime. We therefore 
expect to collect data, which is easily reportable by anyone, and 
present at any time. For gathering this affective information, we 
will use a crowd sourcing approach to get a high volume of 
data. 
Self reports are the most promising method, since people can 
simply and freely contribute via their own mobile application 
any time and anywhere. People's perception of affective quality 
will be measured by implementing a Semantic Differential 
(SD), invented by Osgood et al. (1957), into a mobile applica- 
tion. 
After implementing the preliminary emotion model into a 
prototypical mobile application, the usability, as well as the 
emotion and location model is currently examined by using the 
application in the study area of Vienna. First results from peo- 
ple's affective responses to space are analysed currently. Pre- 
liminary results from user's responses and correlations between 
the parameters suggest to aggregate, and further reduce the 
number of parameters. 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
The inclusion of emotional layers and landmarks in multi- 
media, multi-sensory ubiquitous cartographic technologies, such 
as LBS, is expected to provide a deeper understanding of navi- 
gation, way finding and conceptualizing of space. This 
knowledge will provide direction for the selection of content 
use in development of ubiquitous cartographic supports for both 
the real and virtual worlds. That is, this knowledge may lead to 
both the development of augmentation devices for those who 
have difficulty in way finding, as well as a means of enhancing 
the experience for the user. 
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