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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B4, 2012 
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia 
Pedestrian GIS Server 
Space 
      
 RTK-GPSPositioning | 
  
Figure 1. Concept of “Real Time GIS” 
price. The active type can perform communication by 
automatically transmitting be RFID’s reader, and it is 
embedded with a battery. It has an advantage of achieving a 
longer radio waved than the passive type although the battery 
needs to be changed. 
3. VERIFICATION EXPERIMENT FOR SEAMLESS 
POSITIONING BY PASSIVE RFID 
To realize an advanced spatial information society, it should 
need to obtain positioning information anywhere and seamless 
positioning is indispensable for realization advanced geospatial 
information society. We conducted seamless positioning to 
verify whether it can obtain seamless positioning between GPS 
and RFID on the GIS. GPS was measured in open sky, and 
RFID tags can complement that GPS receiver could not receive 
signals from GPS satellites at an area surrounded by canopies 
and buildings. An experiment was performed inside the KIT 
campus at Kanazawa district in central Japan. KIT campus has 
both of open sky and close sky. On the experiment RFID has to 
write position information into the tag in advance. Therefore, to 
obtain position information put in tag, we did static positioning 
by GPS at two positions which include open sky and canopies. 
Coordinate which entered tags were obtained by interpolated. 
Installation intervals of tags are 1.2m because human's walking 
speed is about 4km/h and GPS data obtains coordinate 1 point 
at 1 second. Structural elements of experimental machine 
which include GPS receiver and RFID reader attached to 
wheelchair are shown in Figure 2. We walked with wheelchair 
and measured position information around in campus. 
  
Figure 2. The equipment by experiment 
3.1 Equipment 
The equipment used is made of Welcat Inc. and specification 
details are below. 
RFID's reader: EFG-400-01 
An antenna of exclusive RFID's reader writer: 
ANU-100-01 
43 
RFID tag: card type (18015693, 13.56MHz) 
3.2 Results and experimental considerations 
Figure 3 shows that position of VRS-GPS and passive RFID 
were overlapped on the aerial photographic map by GIS. 
Background is air photograph of Kanazawa Institute of 
technology taken by aircraft. Circle of black and white shows 
the track obtained by VRS-GPS and passive RFID respectively. 
It was confirmed locations where GPS receiver did not receive 
could complement positioning information by passive RFID. 
Figure 2 indicated that border position can connect seamlessly. 
It is difficult to obtain a high accuracy positioning around 
buildings, because large errors arise by cycle slip and 
multi-path. These effects may avoid by RFID. Positional 
information were able to obtain seamlessly, however, the 
experiments had the problem that overlapped track of both is 
too long as shown in Figure 4. 
It is difficult to find position to set the first passive RFID. The 
number of tag should be decrease to use this principle in a 
social experiment. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate 
method to minimize the number of RFID for time and labor. 
The solution of the problem is to use QZSS (Quasi-Zenith 
Satellites System). QZSS was launched in 2010 by JAXA and 
is satellite system taken by a combination of multi orbit plane 
and each satellite deployed to appear constantly 1 satellite near 
the zenith in Japan. It is expected to obtain high accuracy 
position information around the building. Thus, this problem 
may solve by QZSS. 
     
A: 
Figure 3. Overlapping display of experimental data 
3.3 Experimental outline using QZS 
GPS could not obtain high accuracy position anytime, however 
QZS will measure as a powerful tool at outdoor area. Accuracy 
verification experiment was supposed to conduct using LEX 
signal of QZS that has promising accuracy as a level of 
centimeter, however it was postponed until spring of 2012 
because creation of offset information had difficulty by crustal 
deformation of GPS-based control station from the effect of 
"The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake" which 
occurred on March 11, 2011. In this paper describes outline of 
verification experiment.