International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B7, 2012
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia
superimposition between digital orthophoto and error distribution
for GPS onboard and Google Earth respectively.
Elsvation
Eastme
Northing
Easting Northing
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Error Distribution; (a) GPS onboard; (b) Google Earth
Based on Figure 6, most of the errors were distributed at the
diagonal of digital orthophoto. It might be caused by interpolation
of control points during image processing. The distribution error
for x, and in this study, the accuracy of all photogrammetric
products that were produced by using GPS onboard and GE
control points were calculated by using root mean square error
(RMSE). The accuracy was achieved based on digital orthophoto
and digital elevation model from both methods. There were 57
checkpoints that were established randomly in the study area.
RMSE for GPS onboard is +11.853 and RMSE for GE control
points is 413.770 (Figure 7).
RMSE Chart
iis;
onboard GPS Google Earth
Figure 7. RMSE results
Based on Figure 7, the accuracy of GPS onboard gives a medium
accuracy. Thus, it can be used for updating Google Earth image
because satellite images from google earth gives error within
+15m (Redzwan and Ramli, 2007).
6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
In conclusion, the proposed image registration method can
improve image processing result with the condition that GPS
onboard is stable during image acquisition. Furthermore, the
difference of GPS onboard and GE control points is about
+2meter. It can be concluded that GPS onboard has its limitation
in x and y positioning which might be caused by GPS error. In
future, calibration of GPS onboard will be carried out and the
accuracy of GPS onboard will be assessed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and Faculty of Geoinformation & Real
Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) are greatly
acknowledged.
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