4.3 Vegetation Parameters and Vegetation Library File 
The vegetation parameter and vegetation library files were 
prepared from global land cover classification map generated by 
The University of Maryland Department (UMD) of Geography 
at a 1 km nominal spatial resolution (Hansen et al., 1998; 2000). 
The vegetation parameter file defines the number of vegetation 
types in each grid cell, along with their fractional coverage, root 
depth and its fraction. The vegetation library file defines the 
different landcover types allowed in the simulation and 
corresponding influencing parameters namely architectural 
resistance; minimum stomatal resistance; leaf-area index: 
shortwave albedo; vegetation roughness length and 
displacement height; trunk ratio; and height at wind speed is 
measured. In this file, a flag has to be assigned to indicate 
whether or not the current vegetation type has an overstory. The 
values of these parameters correspond to each LULC class is 
available in LDAS 8" database and MMS Terrain dataset 
(http://1das.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/NLDASmapveg.php). 
4.4 Global Parameter File 
This is the main input file of VIC model which sets simulation 
options, such as start/end dates and modes of operation; 
compiling the locations of the above prepared input files and 
directory which will store output files. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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Figure 4. Time series of estimated runoff of each scenario 
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The hydrological simulation of the entire India has been carried 
out using VIC model at 25 x 25 km grid. Initial run was carried 
out for the base year 1995, which was normal rainfall year. It 
was found that the estimated runoff is in close agreement as per 
Indian conditions. The perfect water balance resulted for entire 
landmass of India in the base year, provided impetus to study 
the impact of climate/land cover change by developing various 
scenarios. 
The set up VIC hydrological model was run for modified 
meteorological forcing files based on rainfall and temperature 
increase as per scenarios developed. It was found that runoff 
increase manifold with increase in overall rainfall percentage. 
However, increase in temperature, which is mainly attributed 
due to urban sprawl, reduces the runoff generation slightly. The 
time series of estimated runoff for each scenario is presented in 
Figure 4. A table of summary of analysis of each scenario is 
given in Table 2. It can easily be noticed that increase in 
rainfall, increase runoff manifold, whereas, increase in 
temperature reduces runoff slightly. 
Simultaneously, an analysis to study the effect of climate 
change on evapotranspiration (ET) for the developed scenarios 
has also been carried out. The summary of results is presented 
in Table 3. It can be seen that ET is showing increasing trend in 
both the cases. 
  
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