International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Precursor Date of observed Prediction of Deviation Prediction of Prediction of the radius of 
anomaly earthquake date value (Dx) earthquake magnitude affected area (Km) 
TEC 28 Sep 29 Sep — 13 Oct +2.78 7-8 15.92-41.30 
28 Sep 29 Sep — 13 Oct +3,73 >8 > 41.30 
28 Sep 29 Sep — 13 Oct +3.38 >8 >41.30 
28 Sep 29 Sep — 13 Oct +2.63 7-8 15.92-41.30 
27 Sep 28 Sep — 12 Oct +2.73 7-8 15.92-41.30 
27 Sep 28 Sep — 12 Oct +2.54 7-8 15.92-41.30 
26 Sep 27 Sep — 11 Oct +2.91 7-8 15.92-41.30 
25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct +2.60 7-8 15.92-41.30 
23 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct +3.07 >8 >41.30 
24 Sep 25 Sep — 09 Oct +2.55 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Electron Temperature 27 Sep 28 Sep — 12 Oct +3.24 >8 >41.30 
O* Density 26 Sep 27 Sep — 11 Oct +2.12 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Total Ion Density 26 Sep 27 Sep — 11 Oct +2.08 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Ion Density 26 Sep 27 Sep — 11 Oct +2.28 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Total Ion Density 25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct +3.0 >8 >41.30 
O* Density 25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct +3.18 >8 : >41.30 
Ion Temperature 25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct -2.87 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Electron Density 25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct +3.01 >8 >41.30 
Electron Temperature 25 Sep 26 Sep — 10 Oct -1.82 6-7 6.14-51 
Electron Density 24 Sep 25 Sep — 09 Oct +2.89 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Ion Density 23 Sep 24 Sep — 08 Oct +1.96 6-7 6.14-15.92 
Total Ion Density 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct +1.65 6-7 6.14-15.92 
O* Density 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct +2.24 7-8 15.92-41.30 
O* Density 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct +2.07 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Total Ion Density 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct +2.04 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Electron Density 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct +2.8 7-8 15.92-41.30 
Ion Density 18 Sep 19 Sep — 03 Oct +2.07 7-8 15.92-41.30 
The intense appearance 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct 222 27 215.92 
of NPM transmitter 
waves in the VLF 
electric spectrogram 
The intense appearance 21 Sep 22 Sep — 06 Oct 222 >7 >15.92 
of NPM transmitter 
waves in the VLF 
magnetic spectrogram 
The attenuation of 24 Sep 25 Sep — 09 Oct 222 >7 >15.92 
NPM transmitter 
waves in the VLF 
electric spectrogram 
The most appearance 27 Sep 28 Sep — 12 Oct 222 >7 215.92 
of harmonic emissions 
above NPM 
transmitter in the HF 
electric spectrogram 
The intense appearance 28 Sep 29 Sep — 13 Oct >22 >7 >15.92 
of harmonic emissions 
above NPM 
transmitter in the HF 
electric spectrogram 
Sea Surface 26 Sep 27 Sep — 12 Oct 0.79 5-6 2.36-6.14 
Temperature 
  
  
  
  
  
Table 4. Different precursors concerning Samoa earthquake. 
3.2 Sichuan, China earthquake 
On 12 May 2008 at 14:28:01.57 LT a strong earthquake of 
magnitude M,=7.9 occurred in southwest China (see Table 3). 
Some strong anomalies have been observed on 2 May (6:00 
LT), 8 May (2, 4, 6 LTs), 9 May (12, 14, 24 LTs), 10 May (12, 
14 LTs) and 11 May (12 LT) 2009. Among all above pre- 
earthquake anomalies, the anomalies observed on 9 and 10 
May at 12:00 LT, were the strongest (the observed TEC 
exceeds the lower bound by -2496) (Akhoondzadeh et al., 
20102). These strong anomalies indicate that an earthquake 
with a magnitude greater than 8 would have been happened 
between 10 and 24 May 2009. The corresponding data with 
total ion and electron density changes recorded by DEMETER 
IAP and ISL sensors are shown in Table 5. The transition in 
electron density value from lower bound occurs at -10:30 LT, 
on 9 May 2009 and is of the order of -24%. It reaches its 
minimum value of -37%, 2 days before the earthquake (Table 
5). It means that an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 8 
would have been happened between 10 and 24 May 2009. Such 
anomalies are also observed in electron temperature variations, 
when the magnitude of changes from the undisturbed state 
Intern: 
Precursor 
TEC 
O* Density 
Total Ion Density 
Ion Density 
Electron Temperatur 
Electron Temperatur 
Electron Density 
O* Density 
Total Ion Density 
Electron Density 
Electron Density 
O* Density 
Total Ion Density 
Electron Temperatui 
  
Electron Temperatui 
reaches 1596 
(Table 5). Th 
increase of th 
2009 which 1 
density of the 
(Table 5). A 
magnitude b. 
between 3 an 
varies betwee 
other detecte 
integration of 
precursors in 
between 7 anc 
May 2009. 1 
between 15.9: 
3.3 Borujerd 
Occurrence o 
the past centi 
3.0 in Iran n 
Borujerd, an 
at 01:17:01 
variations ex 
(Saradjian an 
that an earth 
happened be 
experiement 
reaches to its 
temperature e 
(Akhoondzad 
obtained fro 
earthquake o 
happened bet