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3.4 Social factors 
Social factors like classification of the caste 
and different groups of stockholder’s effects 
the soil erosion conservation participation. This 
study reveals that Brahmin and Chhetri (higher 
caste) with their high social status have more 
opportunity to interact and have a good plot of 
farmland than the lower caste. The lower caste 
stakeholder’s have generally steep slopes and 
problem oriented land. Economically poor 
stakeholder cannot participate for the reduction 
of soil erosion due to the economic and lack of 
awareness and they are diminishing trend from 
the farm. The higher class people children has 
trend to go higher education and go for jobs so 
the trend of decreasing manpower for the 
farming also create a problem for soil erosion 
management. The conservation practice 
reduces due to these reasons so that the soil 
erosion is increasing. 
3.5 Family Member Occupation 
Nuclear and Joint family systems are in rural 
area of Nepal. Off farm employments of the 
family members in a joint family system 
employed in the local area as teacher or 
extension workers, significantly influenced the 
soil erosion management. The soil erosion 
reduction management is higher in those family 
members who are employed in a farm 
occupation. A higher level of family income 
also increases the ability to bear the risk 
associated with soil erosion management. 
Nowak (1987) found that the farmers it's off 
farm income have grater flexibility to invest in 
soil conservation new technology compared 
with farmers who have to rely solely on farm 
income. There is negative impact of soil 
erosion reduction management those family 
members who are employed in Abroad. The 
family members have leaved the farming 
Occupation their land is not in conservation. 
Therefore, it increases the soil erosion process 
naturally. 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia 
3.6 Institutional factors 
Membership in farmers group, cooperatives, 
mothers group had positive impacts in the soil 
erosion reduction. The members were 
participate monthly meeting, share experience, 
discussion about the problem of soil erosion 
and landslide on their farmland located in the 
sub watershed. The farmers were discuss about 
the socio economic development and remedial 
solution worked out at the local level. 
4. CONCLUSION 
The findings of this study have important 
policy implication for the soil erosion reduction 
by participation of all the stakeholders. The soil 
erosion hot spot is mapped by the stakeholder 
who helped for the conservation of the soil in 
watershed. Stakeholders know the physical 
factors affecting for the soil erosion are slope, 
type of the soil and conservation practices. The 
result of the correlation and regression model 
showed that the soil erosion reduction is 
significantly influenced by education farm size 
and family member occupation and 
membership on the groups like Cooperative, 
mothers group and forest group. The RUSLE 
model had showed the soil loss spot which was 
somehow similar to the participatory GIS map 
prepared by the stakeholder's focus group 
discussion. The generic rule for the finding 
technical and policy support to the stakeholder 
and their participation on the mapping make 
clear concept factors affecting for soil erosion 
and their participation makes the sustainable 
soil erosion reduction in Phewa watershed. 
Reference: 
Arakel, A.V., 1995. Towards Developing 
Sediment Quality Assessment 
Guidelines for Aquatic System: An 
Australia Perspective. Aust. J. Earth 
Sci. 42, pp.335-369. 
Arakel , A. V. , Loder T., McConchie D., and 
Paille, C.,1993. Environmental 
Consequences of Land Degradation in