International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia
ASSESSMENT OF INDIAN CARBON CYCLE COMPONENTS USING EARTH
OBSERVATION SYSTEMS AND GROUND INVENTORY
V.K. Dadhwal
National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad — 500625, India
KEYWORDS: Carbon, Vegetation, Atmosphere, GIS, Forestry, Soil, Oceans
ABSTRACT
Improved national carbon assessments are important for UNFCC communications, policy studies and improving the global
assessment. Use of EO for land cover dynamics, forest type, cover and phytomass carbon density, productivity and related soil
carbon density and regional extrapolation of point flux measurements. A National Carbon Project (NCP) under the Indian Space
Research Organisation - Geosphere Biosphere Programme (ISRO — GBP) aims at improving the understanding and quantification of
net carbon balance. The NCP has been implemented with three major components — (A) vegetation carbon pools, (B) Soil carbon
pools and (C) Soil and Vegetation — Atmosphere Fluxes. A total of 6500 field plot data from forests and trees outside forests have
been collected. 1500 field plots have been inventoried for the soil carbon based on the remotely sensed data stratification. A
nationwide network of carbon flux towers in different ecosystems for the measurement and modeling of the net carbon flux using
eddy covariance techniques is being established and upscaling using satellite remote sensing data and modelling is under process.
The amplitude of the diurnal variation in NEE increased with growth of wheat and reached its peak around the pre-anthesis stage.
Besides, under NCP, satellite diurnal CO, have also analyzed the data obtained from AIRS and SCIAMACHY over India and
surrounding oceans and was correlated with surface fluxes. The CASA model simulations over India using NOAA AVHRR NDVI.
1. INTRODUCTION
The annual carbon pools inclusive of the atmosphere to the
biosphere become critical in regulating the increasing rate of
atmospheric CO,. Monitoring regional carbon storage and its
flux is of paramount importance for improving the state of the
biosphere's health and system for carbon credit trading (Bonan,
1995; Chen et al., 2000).
India is a large country with 329 million hectares of
geographical area situated in the tropics between 8° and 38° N
latitude and 66° and 100° E longitude. The climate of the
country varies from monsoonal in the south to temperate in the
north. The country has a diverse vegetation cover. Of the total
geographic area of the country, forest and agricultural land
accounts about 21 and 55%, respectively. Many studies are
being carried out to estimate the terrestrial NPP and analyse its
spatio-temporal variability over India (Hingane, 1991; Dadhwal
and Nayak, 1993; Chhabra and Dadhwal, 2004; Nayak et al.,
2009). However, most of these studies could not explain the
broad spectrum of NPP seasonal variability over the country;
they led to different estimates of seasonal and annual NPP
budgets over the country owing to the following limitations: (1)
studies are carried out for different years; (2) different
methodology and datasets are being used, (3) no attempts are
made to describe inter-annual variability of NPP over India.
Furthermore, a direct estimation and comprehensive analysis on
inter-annual variability of net primary productivity over the
country has not been adequately investigated.
Indian terrestrial ecosystem acts as spatially and temporally
Variant carbon source and sink due to monsoon based climate
System; diverse land use and land cover distribution and
cultural practices. The agriculture covering around 180 M ha
and forests covering 68 M ha contributes largely to terrestrial
carbon dynamics in India (Chhabra and Dadhwal 2004, Kaul et
al 2009) The diverse cropping patterns, wet land rice
ecosystems and temporally variant dry land agriculture makes
Indian agriculture carbon fluxes assessment and understanding
complex. The diverse forest structure and composition,
phenology, fire regimes, biotic disturbances, extractions and
large reservoir of trees outside forests plays larger role in
Carbon sequestration and shaping the carbon budget (Bhat and
Ravindranath, 2011). Unlike the regular forest inventories, soil
inventories are rarely repeated on a regular basis and require
chrono sequenced sampling to understand the impacts of
different management regimes and land use changes on Carbon
dynamics.
Approximately 0.8 Pg C yr! is transported to the oceans by the
world's rivers and India has several perennial rivers and long
coastline. It is important to properly understand air sea CO;
exchanges and quantify the Carbon estimates due to fresh water
and coastal dynamics as it constitutes a redirection of a
substantial portion of the net terrestrial sink (Doney and Hood,
2002). The diverse natural and anthropogenic sources of CO;
and long range transport of atmospheric gases across varied
topographic gradients as a function of intra and inter annual
climatic variations affects sink potential of different categories
of land cover. This necessitates regular measurements and
monitoring of atmospheric CO; and its transport modelling.
There has been an increasing trend in assimilating EO data
towards understanding of land surface processes, climate
measurements and carbon pools and fluxes (IPCC 1995).
Estimation of net carbon flux caused by deforestation and
afforestation in India (Kaul et al 2009; Subodh et al., 2011) are
a few recent studies reported over India using EO data.
In order to address the mentioned knowledge gaps, under ISRO
Geosphere and Biosphere programme, National Carbon Project
(NCP) was undertaken with the following major goals
» Assessment of Carbon Pools, Fluxes and Net Carbon bal-
ance for terrestrial biomes in India
» To establish an observational network and create remote
sensing-based spatial databases for modeling and period
assessment of net carbon balance in India
» To provide support to Second National Communication
(SNC) activity of Ministry of Environment and Forests,
GOI to UNFCC with respect to carbon balance
