ived about 5894 of 
& Mutairi, 2010). 
lous effects of the 
| odors emanating 
  
  
  
75.48 
rail Road landfill 
  
[rail Road landfill 
ODS 
studies: 
of data: 1) multi- 
2) landfill gas 
ring wells. Images 
t acquisition dates, 
1e USGS Earth as 
he Landsat images 
m for the thermal 
to PCI Geomatics 
ie UTM Zone 18 
on was conducted 
sensor parameters 
  
data, (sensor type, acquisition date, sun elevation, sun zenith 
and pixel size) and weather conditions (air temperature and 
visibility). 
  
  
  
  
Acquisition Date Landsat Sensors eni) nmt 
May 7^ 2007 TM 19.2°C 
May 23^ 2007 TM 23.0°C 
Jun. 15? 2007 TM 26.6°C 
Jul. 17^ 2007 TM 24.0°C 
Aug. 2" 2007 TM 31.3°C 
Aug. 27^ 2007 TM 2149€ 
Sept. 19^ 2007 TM 23.25€ 
Oct. 5* 2007 TM 23.89€ 
Apr 14^ 2008 TM 6.9°C 
May 25™ 2008 TM 20.9°C 
Jul 12* 2008 TM 23.79€ 
Aug 20" 2008 TM 19.9°C 
Sept 5^ 2008 TM 29.0°C 
Oct 7^ 2008 TM 129€ 
Oct 23" 2008 TM 55°C 
  
  
Table 1. Multi-temporal Landsat satellite images in 2007 and 
2008 
All images were used to verify the relationship between the 
satellite-based and ground-based measurements. The acquisition 
dates from November to March were neglected due to the 
weather conditions which could affect data results. The 
difference in temperature measurements were used to correlate 
with the emitting landfill gas Methane (CH,) measurements 
acquired at two monitoring stations, GM-2 and GM-17, located 
near Stages 1 and 3 of the Trail Road landfill. The location of 
the ground monitoring stations is shown in Figure 1. 
3.1.2 Al-Jleeb Landfill 
In this case study, multi-temporal Landsat TM and ETM" 
images covering the City of Kuwait were downloaded for the 
last 25 years. However, not all the images were used due to the 
problem of radiometric quality, i.e., scan line corrector problem. 
Consequently, only 11 Landsat images were used from 1985 to 
2001. All the images were imported into PCI Geomatics V10.1, 
clipped, and then projected into the UTM Zone 39 coordinate 
system. Similar to the case study on the Trial Road landfill, the 
sensor parameters and the weather information (see Table 2) 
were used for atmospheric correction and computation of LST. 
The weather information was obtained from the Environmental 
Public Authority of Kuwait, but some of that data was found to 
be missing due to the Gulf War in 1991. In this case study, the 
multi -temporal Landsat images are used to predict suspicious 
dumping areas within the landfill site. 
3.2 Methodology 
Figure 3 shows the overall workflow for the two case studies 
(Trail Road landfill and Al-Jleeb landfill) which can be 
summarized in the following steps. First, the multi-temporal 
Landsat images were downloaded from the USGS Earth 
Explorer where the images have been released free to the public 
since year 2008. Only the thermal band (Band 6 of Landsat TM 
and Band 61 of Landsat ETM") are used to determine land 
surface temperature (LST) in this study. 
For the Trail Road landfill site, 16 Landsat TM images are 
downloaded from years 2007 to 2008 and for the Al-Jleeb 
landfill, 11 Landsat TM and ETM" images were acquired from 
years 1985 to 2001. As the acquired Landsat images cover the 
area of 185 X 185 km’ the images were clipped to the landfill 
sites to improve the performance of data processing. Finally, all 
the subsets of the images were projected into the UTM 
coordinate system. 
Before computing the LST, atmospheric corrections were 
conducted for all the multi-temporal Landsat images. The 
atmospheric correction model (ATCOR2) developed by Richter 
(1998) was utilized to calculate the transmission and the up and 
down radiance. Details of the atmospheric correction will be 
discussed in Section 3.2. To run the ATCOR2 model, weather 
information (e.g. air temperature, visibility, etc.) were obtained 
from the Government’s national climate and weather data 
archive. The calibration parameters for Landsat TM and ETM" 
sensor (biases and gains) were also required for an atmospheric 
correction. After conducting the atmospheric correction, the 
LST was derived from the thermal band of the Landsat images. 
The LST for the Trail Road landfill site was compared to the 
LST of the surrounding areas as well as the air temperature for 
each of the Landsat images. This comparison was conducted 
using the GIS zonal analysis, together with the boundary of the 
landfill site. The LST for the closed stages was also compared 
to the LST of the active stage as well as the recently closed 
stage. A preliminary analysis was carried out to investigate the 
correlation between the LST and the amount of landfill gas. The 
measurements of methane (CH) from the two monitoring wells 
(GM-2 and GM-17) were obtained within years 2007 and 2008, 
and a regression analysis was conducted to derive the relation 
between these two factors. 
For the Al-Jleeb landfill, the multi-temporal LST images (from 
1985 to 2001) were imported in the GIS environment for further 
analysis. Temperature contours (polylines) were generated for 
each of the LST images by using the raster to vector conversion 
tool. As the goal for the Al-Jleeb landfill case study aimed at 
determining the suspicious location of the waste dumping area, 
the highest temperature of the contours was extracted from the 
polylines for each of the LST images. The extracted temperature 
were then overlaid in the GIS environment and the location with 
high dense overlapping areas was regarded as the possible 
location for the waste dumping areas in the Al-Jleeb landfill 
site. 
  
a X 
Acquisition Date Landsat verage Air 
  
  
Sensors Temperature 
Jan 13^ 1985 TM 18.5°C 
Dec 29% 1987 TM 8.59€ 
Jun12* 1990 TM 38.0°C 
Sept 27^ 1991 TM 32.5°C 
Oct 29% 1991 TM 29.0°C 
Feb 28^ 1993 TM 215°C 
Apr 07" 1998 TM 224 C 
May 30* 2000 TM 36.5°C 
Sept 03^ 2000 TM 33.0°C 
May 25" 2001 ETM* 34.0°C 
Oct 16 2001 ETM* 27.0°C 
  
Table 2. Landsat TM and ETM+ Images for the Al-Jleeb 
Landfill Case Study