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Cartographic Sciences - knowledge of principles of, and 
capability in, ground survey methods and cartographic 
draughtsmanship and design for production of topographic and 
thematic maps. Knowledge of cartographic production 
techniques. Elementary geodesy, principles of field 
astronomy. Map projections and coordinate systems. 
The above subjects are at least desirable if not essential for 
Level c, and are essential for Levels a and b in both remote sensing and 
photogrammetry. 
A working knowledge of and appreciation of photographic processing 
is essential for Levels a and b and desirable for Level c. 
Practical capability and experience in all the above areas should be 
demonstrated, at least for Levels a and b. 
Essential and desirable geographical subjects 
Environmental understanding is the core of much geographical 
teaching, and is necessary for the geographer working in photogrammetry 
or remote sensing. It may be in various forms, examples of which are 
given below. Since courses may vary widely from institution to 
institution it is unwise to be totally specific, but most of the following 
should be included in the knowledge and capabilities of any geographer 
working in the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing. 
The contribution of the geographer should be a broad capability for 
the interpretation of the images and data, and an understanding of the 
Systems and processes involved, as well as his own capabilities in the 
technicalities of the subjects of photogrammetry and remote sensing. This 
is perhaps even more true for remote sensing data generally, the use of 
which may involve more and wider interpretation than for the more limitec 
requirements of precise measurement and mapping of photogrammetry. Hence 
many of the following geographical subjects are described as essential for 
remote sensing and desirable for photogrammetry. 
Energy, radiation and water balances and surface-air energy exchanges 
(land and sea) as a basis of climatology and microclimatology. Essential 
for remote sensing at Levels a, b and c, desirable for photogrammetry. 
Atmospheric structure. Effects of the atmosphere on the passage of 
electromagnetic radiation. Principles of meteorology, climatology and 
microclimatology. Essential for all levels for photogrammetry and remote 
sensing. 
Principles of physical oceanography. Properties of fresh and sea 
water, Water masses, ocean circulation, and ocean waves, Basics of 
biological and chemical oceanography. Properties of sea and land ice. 
Essential for remote sensing only, at Levels a and b, desirable for 
Level c. 
Principles of physical and historical geology. Geomorphology and 
geomorphological processes in all environments. Principles of hydrology 
and of pedology. Practical field and laboratory techniques for all these 
subjects. Essential for remote sensing, desirable for photogrammetry. 
Hardy 5