4 
THE USE OF THE ZEISS PLANICOMP C 100 
ANALYTICAL SYSTEM IN THE NON-TOPOGRAPHICAL FIELD 
E Seeger 
Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen 
The use of the ZEISS PLANICOMP C 100 analytical 
System in the non-topographical field 
Te Introduction 
During the last few years a more and more increas- 
ing use of photogrammetry could also be noticed in 
the non-topographical fields. Especially in the 
application to architectural surveys (1/5/10/15/16) 
and in the biomedical area (10/16) the methods of 
taking photographs and of evaluation are standard- 
ized and can be regarded to be largely developed 
for practical operation. Also in industrial survey 
photogrammetric techniques are applied more 
frequently (9/10/16). 
It can be expected that this trend is progressing 
and that the advantages of photogrammetry will be 
used more and more. 
Due to the heterogeneity of the objects to be 
surveyed (relating to size, range and surface 
Structure) and because of the often peculiar con- 
figuration of taking photographs just in the in- 
dustrial application flexible and universal resti- 
tution systems are required which are only subject 
to a few restrictions and limitations and give 
sufficient space for taking photographs. Especial- 
ly. suited for this task are analytical plotters 
since in those instruments the projection is per- 
formed numerically. So, mechanical and optical 
limitations hardly do occur. 
The application of analytical plotters in terres- 
trial photogrammetry has been mentioned in several 
papers and some practical experiments are also on 
hand (1/5/6/7/8/410/11/12/15/15/16). 
Up to now a more frequent use was hardly possible 
according to the high purchase costs of an analyti- 
cal plotter and because of the relatively small 
assortment of service programs. First experiences 
with the ZEISS Planicomp C 100 analytical system 
promise that with a reasonable price and a 
sufficient program library it will not only be 
suitable for application in topography but also for 
terrestrial work. Practical tests have been 
executed, first results are existing. 
97 
2. Peculiarities of the non-topographical 
photogrammetry 
There are considerable differences between the 
topographical and non-topographical, terrestrial 
application of photogrammetry. The characteristics 
of the non-topographical use refer to the camera 
systems, to the configuration of taking photo- 
graphs, to the orientation process as well as to 
the output and subsequent treatment of data. These 
characteristics shall be described in the following. 
In this connection there will be pointed out which 
difficulties can arise by using photogrammetric 
analog plotters, respectively how these problems 
can be resolved by utilizing an analytical stereo- 
plotting system like the ZEISS PLANICOMP C 100. 
2.1 Camera systems 
Normally in terrestrial photogrammetry metric 
cameras are used. Image size and focal length of 
these terrestrial cameras are usually essentially 
smaller than the corresponding values of aerial 
cameras, Therefore, it can cause difficulties to 
re-establish the interior orientation of terres- 
trial photographs in stereoplotting instruments 
which have been conceived for the restitution of 
aerial imagery. It is either possible that the 
centre lines of the plate holders do not reach up 
to the fiducial marks of the photographs or the 
range for focal length adjustment is too small. 
The lens distortion can come up to considerable 
values in the marginal zones of the images. In ana- 
log instruments it can virtually be eliminated not 
at all or only with high costs, i. e. with com- 
pensation plates made-to-order. Affine film 
shrinkage cannot be corrected in any analog way. 
For special purposes (e. g. dynamic surveys, 
two-media photography) also nonmetric cameras and 
other recording systems (e. g. scanner, radar, 
x-ray systems, scanning electron microscopes) 
nowadays are used in non-topographical photogramm- 
metry (10/16). 
This type of imagery can only be restituted nu- 
merically and on condition that the image geo- 
metry is known or at least determinable. 
It is obvious that there are many kinds of photo- 
graphs which cannot be evaluated in aerophotogram- 
metric analog instruments, In all cases, however, 
there can be worked with analytical systems in 
which the adjustment of focal length and image 
size as well as the correction for lens distortion, 
emulsion shrinkage or other displacements can be 
done without any problems. 
2.2 Configuration of taking photographs, 
orientation 
Also the arrangement of taking photographs and the 
exterior orientation of terrestrial cameras are 
different to the aerophotogrammetric case, The 
single photographs are not inserted into a strip 
but are positioned according to other aspects. 
(e. g» visibility, local conditions, illumination, 
overlap, base-height ratio ). Thus strongly in- 
clined, tilted or convergent photographs are often 
resulting, which can be orientated and restituted 
in analog instruments not without difficulties. 
Due to the mostly small base-height ratio (respec- 
tively the large overlap) and to incomplete models 
in terrestrial photogrammetry there are problems 
in the analog relative orientation process, In 
both cases the well-known optical-mechanical 
orientation method (e. g. by Gruber) does not 
work. Control points are often located at unusual 
positions of the object which as well can induce