§ 3 Fhor NUS J = J 2 
FOO 
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in photogrammetry and remote sensing teaching staff develop- 
ments which clearly indicate that the present day's photogram- 
metry teaching staff in pertinent education institutions is in 
a period of stagnation (or in some cases is even subject of 
reduction) while an upward trend in the remote sensing teaching 
staff (quantity-wise) can be noticed. 
As to presently spent annual funds for photogrammetry and 
remote sensing teaching and training preliminary figures can 
be determined based on information contained in Ref. 2. The 
figure on a global basis is or is supposed to be in the order 
of US $80 million per year (excluding education and training 
for strictly military purposes). This estimation is based on 
the world's civilian annual expenditures for photogrammetry 
and remote sensing operations of about US $2 billion and is 
derived from the fact that the world spends about 5% of its 
gross product for all education. Considering that the US $2 
billion represents about 0.02% of the world's gross product 
this would result in a portion for the education and training 
of photogrammetry and remote sensing manpower of 0.02% of the 
above 52 or 0.0012 of the world's gross product or at least US 
$80 million per year (including general education). As already 
mentioned these are preliminary figures and ISPRS WG VI-1 is 
in the process to determine more accurate figures on the cost- 
ing of education and training in photogrammetry and remote 
sensing. This is of particular importance for developing 
countries with a notorious lack of funds and which consequently 
are depending on multilateral and bilateral economic assistance 
programs which should include appropriate allocations for 
education and training programs in photogrammetry and remote 
sensing. At the same time it is strongly recommended that 
each country undertake a thorough analysis on its available 
photogrammetry and remote sensing teaching/training facilities 
and on the future requirements based on thorough studies on 
the impact of the photogrammetry and remote sensing operations 
on the national economy and even the world economy. 
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING 
To obtain pertinent information on the status of research 
(including development) facilities in photogrammetry and remote 
sensing the before mentioned special questionnaire includes 
sub-questionnaires requesting information on the available R & 
D manpower, equipment and annual expenditures in photogram- 
metry and remote sensing. As to these items only preliminary 
information and figures are available at this time. Based 
partially on information contained in Ref. 2, one can conclude 
that a percentage of at least 1.67% of the world's present 
photogrammetry and remote sensing operation should be devoted 
to R & D, in terms of manpower and annual expenditures. This 
requirement is based on the present general R & D efforts of 
the industrialized countries amounting in the average of 1.67% 
of the GNP (Gross National Product). This would make up a 
world R & D manpower in photogrammetry and remote sensing of 
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