N
e could
nnected
ion 2.1)
ent ver-
1).
1e of the
: for bi-
1es, etc.
j)
to each
hm you
nple for
can be
ls to do
0 assign
; known
ne from
orithms
or directly from the human being in charge of the
computation.
If the complexity of the situation so requires or if
one is trying to detect structural gross errors, the
above procedure could be done even interactively.
8 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
From Section 3, Section 4 and from [3] it seems pos-
sible to set up a discrete model for the classical [least
squares] adjustment of general networks. All the in-
formation required for the model is contained in the
hypergraph associated to the functional model design
hypermatrix (block matrix). In particular, operations
like formation of reduced normal equations, formation
of nested dissection blocks and partial elimination of
unknown groups can be formulated as pure [general-
ized] numbering/elimination operations on graphs.
It is quite clear that for some of the concepts
and the results presented here to become practica-
ble (recall Section 6.4) key problems are still to be
solved; considerable research is still to be done both
in the theoretical and applied sides. This is, there-
fore, just an intermediate paper though some of its
ideas have been already applied at the Institut Car-
tografic de Catalunya in the development of the Geo-
TeX system [4]. (More details, practical motivation
and proofs to all statements made here can be found
in [3].)
Last but not least, it will be more than enough if
the paper contributes to the growing feeling that tech-
niques from discrete mathematics can be of help for
a new generation of photogrammetric/geodetic proce-
dures and software, even in the almost old-fashioned
field of network adjustment.
References
[1] Berge,C.,1973. Graphs and hypergraphs. North-
Holland, Amsterdam.
[2] Bryant,V.,Perfect,H.,1980. Independence theory
in combinatorics. Chapman and Hall, London
and New York.
[3] Colomina,l., 1991. Structural aspects of hy-
brid networks in geodesy and photogrammetry.
Ph.D. dissertation, Departament de Matematica
Aplicada i Analisi, Universitat de Barcelona,
Barcelona.
[4] Colomina,l.,Navarro,J.A.,Térmens,A.,1992.
GeoTeX: a general point determination system.
In: International Archives of Photogrammetry,
Vol. 29, Comm. III.
621
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8
——À
[9]
[16]
[17]
Dermanis,A.,1991. Integrated geodesy. Report of
the IAG Special Study Group 1.73: period 1987-
1991, XX General Assembly of the IUGG, Wien.
Friedrich,K.,1930. Beitráge zur direkten und
indirekten Auflósung der Normalgleichungen
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der geodà-
tischen Netzausgleichung. Zeitschrift für Ver-
messungswesen, 49: 525-539.
Grafarend,E.W.,Mader,A.,1989. A graph-
theoretical algorithm for detecting configuration
defects in triangular geodetic networks. Bulletin
Géodesique, 63: 387—394.
George, A.,Liu,J.W.H.,1978. An automatic nes-
ted dissection algorithm for irregular finite el-
ement problems. SIAM J. Numerical Analysis,
15: 1053-1069.
Hein,G.W.,1986. Integrated geodesy state-of-
the-art 1986. Joint Workshop on Combined Ad-
justment of Heterogeneous Geodetic and Pho-
togrammetric data, IAG-ISPRS, München.
Horton,J.D.,1987. A polynomial time algorithm
to find the shortest cycle basis of a graph. SIAM
J. Computation, 16: 358-366.
Mark,A.,Poder,K.,1982. Ordering and dissection
of geodetic least squares equations. Deutsche
Geodätische Komission, Col. B, Vol. 258/VIII,
pp. 100-112, München.
Rose,J.D.,Tarjan,R.E.,Lueker,G.S.,1976. Algo-
rithmic aspects of vertex elimination on graphs.
SIAM J. Computation, 5: 266—283.
Schwarz,C.R.,1978. TRAV10 horizontal network
adjustment program. NOAA Technical Memo-
randum NOS NGS No. 12, US Department of
Commerce, NOAA, NOS, Rockville.
Snay,R.A.,1978. Solvability analysis of geodetic
networks using logical geometry. NOAA Techni-
cal Memorandum NOS NGS No. 14, US Depart-
ment of Commerce, NOAA, NOS, Rockville.
Snay,R.A.,1979. Reducing the profile of sparse
symmetric matrices. NOAA Technical Memoran-
dum NOS NGS No. 4, US Department of Com-
merce, NOAA, NOS, Rockville.
Yannakakis,M.,1981. Computing the fill-in is
NP-complete. STAM J. Algebraic Discrete Meth-
ods, 2: 77-79.
Zenger,Ch.,1986. Trends in computer and soft-
ware technology and the impact on combined
adjustment. Joint Workshop on Combined Ad-
justment of Heterogeneous Geodetic and Pho-
togrammetric Data, IAG-ISPRS, München.