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minimized if the system is shared by multi-users. Typical 
examples of multi-user GIS projects include the Planning 
Commission, City Planning Office, Geological Survey, 
Public Works Department, Natural Resources Department, 
Forest Services, Irrigation Department, Education 
Department, Police Department, Water Supply/Sewerage 
Department, Survey/Cadastral Department, Property Tax 
Commissioner's Office, Highway Department, Population 
Commission/Statistical Department, and utility companies. 
A well designed optimal GIS project can serve many 
purposes for different users with nominal modification to the 
basic structure. For detailed study of optimization of GIS 
technique refer [Acharya, Talbert, 1992]. 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 
In recent years, GIS technology has matured and offers 
powerful capabilities for all organizations which are 
dependent on maps and geographic data. A scientific and 
optimal GIS must meet many criterion besides economics to 
become an optimal and scientific GIS. These criteria 
include: principles of surveying and mapping science, 
availability of adequate geodetic controls, map accuracy 
standards, standards of format interchange, ease and 
economy to operate, and easy access for multiple users. The 
world is going through an information revolution sparked by 
developments in computer technology. The computer 
provides facilities to store, retrieve, compare, share, 
rearrange, transmit, repeatedly reuse information in real time 
that otherwise is impossible. Three factors, technology 
transfer, quality control, and optimal planning, will dictate 
the optimal yield of any GIS project. An exhaustive 
procedure of designing an optimal and scientific GIS has 
been discussed and recommended. 
632 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
The authors wish to thank Mr. Tim Anderson for proof 
reading this manuscript. 
REFERENCES 
Acharya, Bishwa, and Bell, William. 1992. "Universal 
Accuracy Standards for GIS" (accepted paper) 
ASPRS/ACSM /RT '92 Global Change Convention, 
Washington D.C., August 2-14. 
Acharya, Bishwa, and Talbert, Zel. 1992. "Choosing an 
Optimal Surveying Technique" ACSM/ASPRS Annual 
Convention, Albuquerque NM, March 1-5. 
Acharya, Bishwa. 1990. "Optimizing Surveying and 
Mapping Systems" Ph. D. dissertation, Purdue University, 
West Lafayette, IN 47906 
FGCC. 1986 and 1988. "Proposed Geometric Geodetic 
Survey Standards and Specifications for Geodetic Surveys 
Using GPS Relative Positioning Techniques" Versions Four 
and Five, National Geodetic Survey. 
Lee, Y. C. & Zhang, G. Y. 1989. "Developments of 
Geographic Information System Technology" ASCE, Jour. 
of Surveying Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 3. 
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