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INTEGRATION OF GIS
AND METHODS FOR DIGITAL IMAGE MAP PRODUCTION
Martin R. Kaehler
Technische Fachhochschule Berlin
Labor für Photogrammetrie
Germany
Ruediger Tauch
Ingenieurbüro für Fernerkundung, Photogrammetrie
und Kartographie FPK, Berlin
Germany
Commission IV
ABSTRACT:
During the last few years new techniques and methods in digital graphic data processing have been developed as
well as in digital image processing. Also the requirements of different map users for integration of raster data, like
satellite images, in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have grown more and more.
In context to this at first some methods of digital image map production are described, including mosaicking of
satellite images and image enhancement techniques. Then the basic structure of an hybrid GIS including raster,
vector and also non graphic data is described. Finally the integration of the map production methods is introduced
with especially aspects on hard- and software-realizations.
KEY WORDS: Hybrid GIS Design, Satellite Image Maps, Image Matching, Image Quality, System Integration.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
have to fulfill an increasing number of new require-
ments announced by many map users during the last
few years. Most of so defined tasks only can be solved,
if raster techniques are used in GIS as well as vector
data processing. Raster data, especially digital image
data, offer an enormous information quantity, so that
the usage for GIS purposes is really helpful. In some
cases of course, satellite images represent the only
available geoinformation. And finally, using existing
topographic maps for building up GIS, scanning these
maps is a quick possibility to produce GIS levels with
topographic information.
Because of all these reasons not only future GIS
should be composed of hybrid data. But the user
requirements nowadays as well need raster-, vector-
and non graphic data in actual geographic informaton
systems. In the following the question of integration of -
such data will be discussed including the integration of
methods for digital image map production and also
techniques for digital image enhancement into hybrid
systems.
2. DIGITAL IMAGE MAP PRODUCTION
A modern GIS fulfilling all demands of vector- and
rasterprocessing needs not only the administration of
digital data but also reliable software tools for the
optimal preparation of map products. In this context
the processing of airborne and satellite images is of
increasing importance. Such data are in use for many
purposes, e. g. for the combined representation of
raster and vector data or even for updating existing
maps.
688
In the next years new remote sensing satellite sensors
with higher geometrical and spectral resolution will be
developed allowing the use of image data for mapping
at greater scales. Today mostly the following sensor
types are in use for mapping in different scales:
Sensor Resolution Appropriate Scale
Landsat-MSS 80 m 1: 250 000
Landsat-TM 30 m 1: 100 000
SPOT-XS 20 m 1: 100 000
SPOT-P 10 m 1: 50 000
KFA-1000 5-10m 1: 25 000 - 1: 50 000
If greater scales are concerned the integration of aerial
images or aerial scanner data is required. In order to
use these data in a GIS with high flexibility it is neces-
sary to offer a software system which allows the proces-
sing of satellite data from delivering the data on
magnetic tape until the final product is integrated in a
GIS layer structure.
2.1 System overview
The concept of the integration of satellite image data
has to be digitally. Only this way guarantees a high
flexibility of handling remote sensing data indepen-
dent of the used sensor type (satellite scanner, scanned
photographs, aerial images). The described methods of
digital image map production are realized as a software
package mainly developed at the Technical University
of Berlin, Department for Photogrammetry and
Cartography (ALBERTZ et al. 1987 and ALBERTZ et al.
1990). The software system is now used by FPK for its
duties with great success.
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