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2. STRUCTURE OF THE ORIENTATION SYSTEM 
ita stereoplotter is used to form an 
optical model of the object space, and if 
the photographs taken are of the normal 
case, then only the direction parallel to 
the direction of the camera axes will be 
subject to affine deformation. If the 
photographs are not at the normal case, 
then the affine deformation will occur in 
the three directions. 
The Wild Autograph A240 is designed to plot 
from photographs taken in the normal case. 
The plate holders have no rotational 
motions, although equal elevation or 
depression angles at the two ends of the 
base can be accommodated. This instrument 
  
         
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
    
   
  
is used most efficiently for plotting from 
photographs taken with the stereometric 
cameras or the system that resembles it. 
The Wild P32 terrestrial camera accepts 
either glass plates or film and provides a 
format size 60 by 80 mm. It has an offset 
principal point and can be rotated about 
its optical axis in order to make the 
format fit the obiect space. The principal 
distance is fixed at 64 mm, and focused at 
25 m. the depth of field is from 7.3 m to 
infinity at £/8, and from 3.3 m to infinity 
at f/22. An orientation system is designed 
and proposed to take photographs in the 
normal case of photogrammetry by using 
Wild P32 terrestrial camera. This system 
incorporates a camera carrier and two 
parallel steel bars (x-bars) (Fig. 1) 
  
Figure 1. The Orientation System 
The camera carrier is capable of sliding 
on two steel bars ranging from 1 mm to 
400 mm. The orientation system mounts 
directly on the Wild thodolite tribrach 
and supports on the Wild tripod. The 
respective tilting and rotations of the 
photograph are adjusted at zero by means 
Of a level buble and tribrach foot-screws. 
When the system carrier slides on X-bar to 
take a second photograph, the optical axes 
of the stereo-pairs remains parallel to 
each other and perpendicular to the base. 
This system, also has a steel rule at the 
back and the base length can readily be 
measured. Two samples of drawing output 
are given in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.