Peter I Oy. The island is covered by one sheet in scale 
1:50000, published in 1988. 
Dronning Maud Land. Parts of this area are covered by maps 
in scale 1:250000. 32 sheets have been issued. (7 sheets in 
1988-1992). 
Major parts of Svalbard were covered by aerial photography in 
scale 1:50000 in 1990. Central parts were also covered with 
scale 1:15000. False color film (IRC) was used. Maps are 
constructed on a Wild A7, with both analog and digital output. 
Norwegian Polar Research Institute uses satellite data for 
mapping; and for ice, geology and vegetation studies. The 
Institute acquired an interactive digital image processing system 
in 1988. In Dronning Maud Land five of the sheets are also 
issued as satellite image maps (1:250000) based on Landsat 
MSS data. At the moment a SPOT-based map at 1:100000 is 
under work. KFA-1000 images are under investigation for 
future mapping. At Svalbard two of the sheets in 1:100000 are 
printed with topographic map on one side and satellite image 
map on the reverse. 
3. Development of photogrammetry 
3.1 Cameras and photography 
Aerial photography in Norway is performed by two private 
companies. They operate 4 airplanes and 4 cameras with 
alltogether 7-8 lens cones. 
À new generation of cameras like Wild RC20 and Zeiss RMK 
Top has been put into use. Electronic interfaces (e.g. RS232) 
makes it possible to connect equipment like PC's or GPS- 
receivers. This has already been useful. There is a trend towards 
using more sofisticated, GPS-based, navigation systems. 
There is now a slight trend towards more use of normalangle 
cameras (c = 30 cm), and also more use of colour diapositive 
films. 
The use of forward motion compensation is an established 
procedure. The users of the images are reporting that the image 
quality is significantly better than some years ago. 
Some experiments have been performed with different shapes, 
sizes and colours for targets. 
3.2 Aerial triangulation 
Measurements for aerial triangulation are mainly done in 
analytical plotters. In 1988 the block adjustment was mainly 
done with the method of independent models, using software 
like PATM or ATM. Now in 1992 there is a trend towards 
using bundle block adjustment, the proportions being roughly 
5095/5096 at the moment. This development, in addition to more 
use of robust methods, has clearly improved the quality of aerial 
triangulation. This is needed due to the higher requirements 
caused by the transition from analog to digital mapping. 
GPS has been used in aerial triangulation three times, with 
photography in 1988, 1990 and 1992. 
3.3 Stereoinstruments and map production 
There has been a steady change from analog plotters to 
analytical stereoinstruments. But quite a number of analog 
plotters are still in use. The proportions are roughly 
analog plotters: analytical instruments = 65%:35% 
In 1988 most maps were delivered to the customers in analog 
form, even if some digital technique was used in the production 
process. But now in 1992 nearly all maps are produced and 
delivered to the customers in digital form, accompanied with a 
plot of the data. Also there is a slight trend towards a slightly 
rough checkplot of the data being sufficient as an analog map. 
The change of production process has been remarkable during 
the last 4 years. For quality fair drawing there is a tendency to 
use rasterplotters instead of drawing machines. 
This trend has caused that most of the analog plotters have 
equipment for production of digital maps. 
Superimposition, like Videomap, is regarded as a definite 
advantage. Other means of verification used by the operator 
during plotting is graphical screen and/or plotting table. In 
densely built areas with much detail, the plotting table is 
preffered by some operators due to the more limited resolution 
of screens. 
3.4 Changes of the map 
All maps made in the '90ties are basically digital. 
The content in large scale maps has increased by approximately 
10%, due to increased number of objects required for inclusion 
in the maps. 
The accuracy requirements for maps has been increased 
considerably, like: 
1988 Analog map 1:1000 Position accuracy required + 30 cm 
1992 Digital map 1:1000 Position accuracy required + 12 cm. 
For other scales the requirements has become more differentia- 
ted, sometimes relaxed. 
Digital maps of 1988 were often on "spaghetti"-form. Today 
maps are required to be fully thematized, with no gaps in lines 
or junctions. The users are more conscious about digital data, 
requiring them to be delivered on a standard exchange format, 
mostly the norwegian SOSI-standard. The data from the 
producer will be put directly into the geographic information 
system of the user. 
Much effort has been put into making standards for map 
content, data formats, and exchange formats. 
A few projects with close range photogrammetry has been 
performed in the period 1988-92, one of them being the "as- 
built"-documentation of an oil drill rig. 
3.5 Production of analytical plotter AP190 
The AP190 is an inexpensive instrument based on the optics of 
a special mirror stereoscope, an encoded measurement system, 
an electronic interface, and a personal computer. It provides 
interior, relative, and absolute orientations of full format photos 
and maintains a stereomodel, free of y-parallax in the digitizing 
mode. This simple instrument has been generally applied as a 
photo-digitizer and has found applications from measuring tree 
heights to serving as a data capture device for Geographic In-