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Week 4 (UCL). Vision, depth perception, 
stereoscopy, parallax. Geometry of image and map. 
Measurement principles. Practical exercises. 
Week 5 (UCL). Principles and methods of 
stereoplotting. Ground control, aerial triangulation. 
Practical exercises. 
Week 6 (UCL). Aerial triangulation, rectification, 
orthophotography. Practical exercises. 
Week 7 (UCL). Cartography (held at King's College 
London Study Centre in Sussex). Visit to Ordnance 
Survey, Southampton. Study break. Coursework 
submission for Part 1. 
Week 8 (AIS). Basic navigation. Projections used in 
air navigation. Definitions. Instruments, atmosphere, 
flight planning, calculation. Principles of flight. In- 
flight recognition of terrain features, meteorology, 
map reading, scale of flight maps. Aeromedical 
instruction. 
Week 9 (AIS). Mission planning and survey 
navigation. Tolerances, reference elevations, 
mountainous terrain. Mission preparation 
(Peterborough area), overlays, flight lines, block 
pattern flying. Contract tendering, project 
management, permit applications, aircraft, equipment 
and materials. Reporting. 
Week 10 (AIS). Basic radio, enroute navigation. 
Charts and planning. Electronic aids for survey 
navigation. Doppler, inertial, satellite systems, GPS 
(demonstrations). Aircraft systems, costing and 
modifications. Air camera and navigation sight 
installations. 
Week 11 (AIS). Photographic theory for aerial 
survey. Physical and chemical properties of 
materials. Sensitometry. Monochrome, colour and 
infrared materials. Laboratory design. Air film 
processing, field and laboratory methods, machine 
processing. Processing control, water and 
temperature control. 
Week 12 (AIS). Selection of air films for specific 
tasks. Film faults (practical analysis). Image quality, 
exposure, processing, granularity, haze, image 
motion, effect of turbulance, FMC systems. MTF, 
OTF, Fourier and edge gradient analysis, 
microdensitometer application. Digital imagery, 
CCD cameras. Theory of colour materials. Printing 
methods, basic and electronic, print materials. 
Multispectral photography for remote sensing. 
Oblique photography. Small format systems. 
Week 13. Examinations for Part 1. Visit to Belgium 
(Burosense and Agfa Gevaert). Students follow a 
detailed programme of instruction with visits to a 
number of laboratories. The visit is completed with 
practical survey flying in a Eurosense aircraft fitted 
with a Leica (Wild) RC20 air survey camera with 
FMC. The Agfa Gevaert air films are processed by 
each student. 
297 
Part 2 Studies 
Part 2 of the CASP course lasts for one month, is 
held at PhotoAir in Yaxley, near Peterborough, 
Cambridgeshire and is entirely practical. Instruction 
is provided by AIS staff with the considerable 
assistance of staff and facilities of PhotoAir. 
PhotoAir provide two aircraft equipped for survey: 
(1) Cessna 337 twin engined aircraft fitted with a 
large format (mapping) camera, navigation 
sight, RNAV and survey GPS (CCNS 4); and 
(ii) Cessna 172 fitted with a calibrated 70 mm 
survey camera, video and optical navigation 
sight, RNAV and survey GPS (CPNS). 
During Part 2 of the course, students put into 
practice the lessons and excersises conducted in Part 
1. Each student will log at least 10 hours of flying, 
during which time the student will be responsible for 
the flight planning, navigation and camera operation 
of a variety of missions. Students will process their 
own air films, both 70 mm and 230 mm, using 
various processing methods. In addition, the 
manufacturers will demonstrate the Zeiss 
(Oberkochen) RMK TOP and Zeiss (Jena) LMK 
2000 camera systems. During these periods, all 
students will have an opportunity to use these 
cameras (with and without FMC) either on the 
simulator or in flight, according to flying conditions 
at the time. Film processing, printing, diapositive 
and loose mosaic production is conducted at 
PhotoAir and is supported by a visit to the 
laboratories of the Cambridge University Committee 
for Aerial Photography. 
Special consideration is given to GPS survey 
navigation during Part 2 of the course. This allows 
students to compare their navigation skills when 
using a conventional navigation sight with their 
results from GPS navigation, determined from a 
photographic index from their missions. All students 
are given an opportunity to plan, compute, fly and 
analyse a mission employing one or both of the AIS 
survey systems (CCNS 4 or CPNS). 
SUMMARY 
By the end of the CASP course, each student should 
be sufficiently prepared to engage in aerial survey at 
a basic level. No claims are made to suggest that, at 
the end of four months, the CASP student will be an 
experienced operator (Appendix B) but at least the 
student will know enough to be aware of the