technique for producing topographical and 
other maps with the use of aircraft and 
satellite base imageries". We can conclude 
that digital photogrammetry (in one form or 
another) will be the way of the 21st 
century. 
Rapid technological change and the 
consequences of that change have had 
profound affects on academic institutions. 
Some of these trends and their consequences 
have been: 
* Equipment becomes obsolete after a 
short period of time and replacement 
costs are often prohibitive. 
* Much modern hardware and software 
involves the necessity of maintenance 
contracts. These are often expensive 
and recurrent rather than a once only 
cost. 
* As course content becomes obsolete and 
new knowledge and methods emerge, 
there are significant pressures and 
Stress on . staff to be able to 
relinquish the teaching of the 
obsolete, recognise the emerging 
trends and become competent and able 
educators in the constant flow of new 
(and old) knowledge. 
* The problem of teaching now to 
students who will graduate in 3 or 4 
years time. The rapid rate of 
technological change could very well 
make current knowledge of limited 
value to the prospective graduate. 
* The breakdown of the concept of 
disciplines has meant that 
undergraduate programs are becoming 
more multidisciplinary and generalist. 
As such, photogrammetry may become the 
domain of a wider range of 
undergraduate courses with detailed 
study becoming the domain of 
postgraduate studies. 
These, and other problems, mean that we 
must take stock of our current techniques 
and methodologies. To effectively educate 
in the modern era we must question 
assumptions that we have held for many 
years. The problems and difficulties 
arising out of the current process of rapid 
change do need to be faced. We do have to 
resolve the difficulties outlined above. 
We cannot turn our back on change, if we 
were to do this then other groups, 
accepting of change, would soon make us 
irrelevant and obsolete. By addressing the 
challenges and developin innovative 
solutions to difficult oR we will, 
hopefully, retain our relevance and 
purpose. 
9. PHOTOGRAMMETRY, AND 
GIS/LIS. 
IS A NEW NAME JUSTIFIED? 
REMOTE SENSING 
In 1980 the then International Society for 
Photogrammetry (ISP) changed its name to 
the International Society for 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). 
This change reflected the evolution of 
interests and activities of the members and 
of the discipline area. The ISPRS journals 
of the 1980's are dominated by articles on 
remote sensing even though pure 
photogrammetry articles have always 
appeared regularly. 
302 
The formal ISPRS definition of 
photogrammetry and remote sensing 
"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing is 
the art, science and technology of 
obtaining reliable information about 
physical objects and the environment 
through the process of recording, 
measuring and interpreting imagery and 
digital representation thereof derived 
from non-contact sensor systems" 
is an appropriate one and reflects the 
natural integration between photogrammetry 
and remote sensing. 
In recent years the number of articles on 
Geographical Information Systems has been 
on the increase with the same evolutionary 
trend as was the case for remote sensing of 
the late 1970's. The integration of the 
three areas of photogrammetry, remote 
sensing and geographic information systems 
is very neatly linked through digital or 
softcopy photogrammetric systems which are 
now commercially available. 
Perhaps it is again time to change the 
society's name to the International Society 
for Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and 
Geographical Information Systems. Such a 
long name would be a true description of 
the current situation but for most cases 
the name is just too cumbersome. 
The recently formed Department of 
Geoinformatics at the Institute for 
Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) 
reflects the growing integration of 
technologies in the geoinformation process 
and the need for cooperation between the 
various components of the surveying and 
mapping discipline. The former departments 
of Photogrammetry, Aerial Survey and Remote 
Sensing have been reorganised into the 
division of Aerospace Data Acquisition and 
Photogrammetry and the division of Image 
Processing of Remotely Sensed Data. These 
two new groups together with the former 
department of Cartography and a newly 
created Applied Information and Computer 
Science group have become divisions of the 
newly formed department (ITC, 1991). The 
names of photogrammetry and remote sensing 
have been retained in the structure but not 
at the primary level. 
Laval University in Canada uses the term 
Geomatics to describe the integration of 
disciplines. The name, while incorporating 
photogrammetry and remote sensing, gives 
the information aspect the emphasis with 
the following definition as reported by 
Groot (Groot, 1991): 
"Geomatics is the field of scientific 
and technical activities which, using a 
systemic approach, integrates all means 
used to acquire and manage spatially 
referenced data as part of the process 
of producing and managing spatially 
based information" 
Towards A New 
1991) concentrates 
photogrammetric 
Leberl in his paper 
Photogrammetry (Leberl, 
on contents of the 
discipline rather than favouring a 
particular name although he refers to a 
range of those being used or proposed. He 
presents the view that the technological 
and scientific basis of digital or softcopy 
photogrammetry can be defined by computer 
science and that it is the application only 
that provides for the survival of the 
discipline within Surveying and Mapping. 
Leberl also expresses the opinion that 
photogrammetry will continue to survive and 
possibly find broader acceptance, whatever 
the name and in whatever academic context.