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without touching them . In this meaning the aerial 
photogrammetry falls into this definition and is called 
as " Airborne Remote Sensing". In the 1970 3 after 
the succesful launch of American Landsat satellite 
space - borne remote sensing received universal 
recognition owing to its efficiency in data acquisition 
and processing of the spatial information, especially 
in thematic information extraction for resource and 
environmental investigations. 
The first contribution of remote sensing to 
photogrammetry is to extend the means of image data 
acquisition from day light photography by using 
frame cameras to whole electromagnetic spectrum 
sensing by using different sensor technologies. The 
space - borne images mostly adopted nowadays in the 
surverying, mapping and GIS community are from 
MSS and TM in Landsat, sensor HRV in SPOT, 
sensor AVHRR in NOAA and also the frame cameras 
carried by space shuttles as the American LFC, the 
Metric Camera RMK of ESA as well as the KFA - 
1000 and MK - 4 Camera on the Cosmus spacecraft 
in USSR. All these sensors possess very high spatial 
or time resolution. In the 1990 s the development of 
remote sensing is inclined to the multi - band 
scanner ,represented by the imaging spectrometer and 
the new type of microwave represented by the 
multiparameter imaging radar. 
Another contribution of remote sensing to 
photogrammetry is to extend the contents of data 
processing from purely geometric evaluations to 
physical analysis, and consequently the products are 
extended from topographic maps to different kinds of 
thematic maps. 
At the same time photogrammetry is heading now 
towards digital photogrammetry ,in which the modern 
technology in space aviation ,in computer science and 
also in multi - spectral data are being more and more 
used. A lot of new techniques, such as GPS 
technique, CCD sensor, image processing and image 
understanding, as well as knowledge based systems 
are mutually used in photogrammetry and in remote 
sensing. In fact the history of photogrammetry 
including its constituent part” Image Interpretation” is 
exactly the history of remote sensing and remote 
307 
sensing is the extension of photogrammetry. The 
word" photogrammetry" alone that has used for more 
than hundred years is unable to cover this 
development in its digital age. When a more 
appropriate name for our discipline was absent ,the so 
called" Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing" has 
been used since 1980. At the KYOTO Congress of 
ISPRS in 1988 the definition of Photogrammetry an 
Remote Sensing was defined as following: 
" Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing is the art, 
science and technology of obtaining reliable 
informations about physical objects and the 
environment through the process of recording, 
measuring and interpreting imagery and digital 
representation thereof derived from non - contact 
sensor systems. " 
3. Integration of Photogrammetry and 
Remote Sensing with GIS 
Since the output of analytical and digital 
photogrammetric systems is always at first in digital 
form, a data base or a certaim kind of spatial 
information system should be needed so that this 
output information can be stored, integrated with 
other non - graphic data and analyzed according to 
the user needs. It means photogrammetry and remote 
sensing is becoming more and more important as a 
basic data source for the acquistion and updating of 
the imformation in GIS. 
On the other hand the data processing of digital 
photogrammetry and remote sensing is becoming 
more and more to use GIS support. These 
developments lead to a combination among 
photogrammetry , remote sensing and GIS. 
In fact, this combination has already experienced 
several development stages. At the beginning, 
various kinds of thematic maps and topographic maps 
were completed through manual photogrammetric 
plotting and visual interpretation of image date and 
then were digitized to be input into GIS. Since the 
middle of the 70's the reseach has conducted to 
perform digital mapping analytically from computer - 
aided or computer - controlled system and to extract