3. Photogrammetric Record: Journal of the British
Society of Photogrammetry; two issues per year.
4. CISM Journal: Journal of the Canadian
Institute of Surveying and Mapping; four issues
per year.
5. Australian Surveyor: Journal of the Australian
Society of Surveyors; four issues per year.
6. ITC Journal: Journal of the International
Institute of Aerospace Survey and Earth
Sciences (ITC); four issues per year.
Certain other national journals in their
respective languages deserve mentioning here, in
particular, the Belgian, French, German, Russian
and Swiss.
B. Conference Proceedings: The following
conference proceedings are regularly published:
1. ISPRS Archives: During or following each ISPRS
Congress (quadrennial) or each Inter-Congress
ISPRS Commission Symposium.
2. ASPRS Proceedings: During or following each
ASPRS Convention (two per year, Annual and Fall
Conventions).
There are also many national and
international conferences
proceedings from time to time.
regional
publishing their
C. Books: Practically all text books and manuals
in photogrammetry contain analytical concepts to a
certain degree. However the following are so far
the only books specifically devoted to analytical
photogrammetry:
1. Merritt, Everett (1958): Analytical
Photogrammetry; Pitman, N.Y.
2. Ackermann, F. (19737: Numerische
Photogrammetrie (Herbert Wichmann Verlag,
Karlsruhe, Germany)
3. Ghosh, Sanjib K. (1988) : Analytical
Photogrammetry (2™ Ed.); Pergamon Press.
Numerous books with significant contents in
analytical approaches published in various world
languages are appearing on the market.
6.2.3.2 Related to Single Images
The theory and mathematical model for central
perspective projection being well established
through the pioneering prior works of men like
Pulfrich, von Gruber, or Finsterwalder, the basis
of Collinearity Condition was already there. This
condition implies that the object point, the
perspective center (or the exposure station) and
the image point must lie on the same straight
line. However, in its application through the
computational procedures there were two problems.
Firstly, the condition equations are non-linear
and, secondly, in usual cases more observations are
made than the minimum necessary for unique
solutions. Therefore, to obtain practical and
statistically acceptable solutions, it was found
appropriate and convenient (1) to use linearized
forms of the equations, (2) assuming iterative
approaches, to consider only the first order terms,
and (3) to use the least squares approach to
account for the redundant data. It was almost
universally found convenient to use the "Taylor"
expansion for such linearization instead of using
Newton's first order approximation. By mid 1950s
the use of the collinearity equations was deep-
rooted, its form being different according to the
specific application case. For example, the
standard form, linearized, was found convenient for
simple images consolidated into strip or block
triangulation whereas its direction cosine form was
found convenient for camera calibration (Brown
1956).
Mathematical models for interior orientation
parameters have been established (Brandenberger
1948) as also those for camera calibration to
include radial and tangential (decentering) lens
distortions. The following general hypotheses of
Conrady (1919) were accepted:
(a) The objective (lens) axial ray
undeviated through the lens;
(b) The distortion can be represented by a
continuous function; and
(c) The sense of distortion should be positive for
all image displacements in outward radial
direction.
passes
Tham (1946) established certain convincing ideas on
lens distortion. Thereafter, through various
research at numerous facilities the best accepted
mathematical model to express a radial distortion
is an odd order polynomial typified in the
publication of Brown (1956) and Washer (1941,
1057).
With regard to the tangential distortion, Washer
(1957) called it the Prism effect. Based on his
concepts and the hypotheses of Conrady (1919), the
mathematical model mostly accepted internationally
was the one presented by Brown (1966).
It was already known prior to World War II that the
emulsion carrier (film or glass) is subjected to
dimensional distortions, which are functions of the
material, environment (like temperature, humidity
or pressure), aging and treatment (like chemical
processing or drying). While the effect could be
checked against camera calibration data, its
compensation in the analytical approach was found
easily through a two-dimensional similarity
transformation of the photo-coordinates. Differen-
tial (systematic) distortion could be corrected by
adapting affine (linear) transformation or by using
projective equations. Simple equations were being
innovated and programs were being developed to
these effects in the 1950s. However, irregular
distortions caused primarily by lack of film
flatness or image motion continued to be causes of
concern. The réseau (grid) photography developed
in :the UK, first described in 1951 by H.A.L.
Shewell at the Commonwealth Survey Officers'
Conference and published later (Shewell 1953),
provided meaningful possibilities in this regard.
Mathematical modelling of atmospheric refraction
has always followed the ideas obtained from
Geodesy. However, most modern concepts easily
adaptable to analytical procedures were established
by Leyonhufvud (1953). Following further research
the most accepted mathematical model is an odd
order polynomial with regard to the radial distance
of a point on a vertical photo. The concept is
based on the acceptance of a Standard Atmosphere.
There being several well known standard atmospheres
[like US Standard, Air force Rome Development
Center (ARDC) and International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) Standards] controversy
persists, although all these are practically
the same up to about 20 km flying height.
Satisfactory concepts in this respect with regard
to oblique photography and satellite imageries are
yet to be developed.
The problem of Image Motion Compensation (IMC)
remained unsolved until Kawachi (1965) derived the
