nd a total of 
rm the block 
ted on the 
lering all the 
of the DFC, 
. Therefore, 
er of ground 
the pixel of 
| origin was 
o axial lines 
ıption is not 
rmation was 
modeling 
al elevation 
 softplotter. 
th the terra 
of two foot 
le generated 
ion, the 0.7 
r revealing 
nguishable. 
n the larger 
umber and 
trol points 
activity), a 
'ulated and 
el (DEM). 
urs reveals 
ventionally 
found that 
n softcopy 
vs the data 
itterns that 
mensional 
the same 
nerated by 
repancy is 
) a control 
squares of 
use of the 
s between 
s or brush 
changes 
orrelation 
and dense 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
The study has shown that an alternative for the conventional film 
frame camera and the analogue film/diapositive dependent 
photogrammetric operations is closer to reality, and only minor 
developments are needed before the fully digital photogrammetric 
technique becomes the production tool of the near future. 
The study also concluded that in order for available commercial 
digital frame cameras to take a serious step toward recognition as 
a mapping metric camera, the following points must be resolved: 
i. Camera calibration is essential, whereby all interior 
parameters of the camera are determined accurately. 
ii. Although an array of 2000x2000 pixels can be 
proved useful for some applications, a larger array (preferably 
4000x4000 or larger) and a lens with a wider field of view is 
essential to match the conventional frame camera. 
iii. Self calibration option in the digital aerial 
triangulation packages for the soft plotters that are used to 
process the digital camera production is strongly recommended 
to enhance the final output of the digital mapping process. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
The author is indebted to the many constructive suggestions 
offered by Bryan Logan, Dennis Morgan, Tom Ory, and 
3 
William Anderson. 
REFERENCES 
Bobbe, T. and J. McKean, 1995. Evaluation of a digital 
camera system for natural resource management. Earth 
Observation Magazine, March 1995, pp. 46-48. 
King, D., P. Walsh, and F. Cluffreda, 1994. Airborne digital 
frame camera imaging for elevation determination. 
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. 60, No. 
11, November 1994, pp. 1321-1326. 
King, D.J., and A. Chichagov, 1993. The potential of airborne 
digital frame camera imaging in digital elevation modelling. 
Proc. 5th Canadian Conference on GIS, Ottawa, Canada, 20-26 
March, pp. 758-766. 
King, D.J., 1992. Development and application of an airborne 
multispectral digital frame camera sensor. Proc. XVII 
Congress ISPRS, Commission I, Washington, D.C., 3-14 
August, pp. 190-192. 
Light, D. L., 1990. Characteristics of remote sensors for 
mapping and earth science applications. Photogrammetric 
Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol 56, No. 12, December 
1990, pp. 1613-1623. 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B1. Vienna 1996