° The assumptions of uniform pixel size and 
distribution are rational, as evident by the final 
RMSE o, and o, of the image coordinates. 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
The studies described in this paper suggest that the 
geometric characteristics of a digital camera can be 
successfully evaluated by self-calibration. With an appropriate 
functional model, the systematic errors of the camera system 
can be effectively compensated, thus high accuracy can be 
achieved. 
Due to the application of a zoom lens in the Fujix DS-100 
digital camera, the camera displays different geometric 
properties at different object distances. The laboratory 
calibration, therefore, does not make much sense for 
subsequent applications. The self-calibration is thus 
imperative combining the calibration and evaluation in order 
to account for the changing inner orientation and the 
geometric structure. Therefore general purpose digital 
cameras of the Fujix DS-100 type can be applied to precise 
industrial measurement environments when used with a self- 
calibrating data reduction procedure. 
A well-established  self-calibrating bundle adjustment 
program, a Digital Video Plotter and simple auxiliary devices 
were involved in this research project. Although certain 
manual operations were needed during the processing, the 
combination of this software and hardware proved to provide 
an economic solution. 
It is expected in the near future that a low cost fully automatic 
calibration procedure for precise applications using self- 
calibration will become standard practice in order to facilitate 
the evaluation of digital imagery and thus promote the 
performance of digital cameras. 
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