ERRORS AND TOLERANCES IN THE MAPPING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, RS AND
GIS INTEGRATION
Prof, dr. Nitu Constantin, Academia Tehnica Militara, Bucuresti, Romania
Dipl. eng. Nitu Calin Daniel, Directia Topogratica Militara, Bucuregti, Románia
Commision II. Working Group 5
KEY WORDS: GIS, errors, tolerances, procedures, data flow
Abstract
The computational cartography or the automated mapping involves digital map
achievement. The features of digital map can be captured using vectorial or raster
photogrammetric or cartographic digitizing, remote sensing (only with the raster data).
So, the actual technologies are integrated in a single process flow. A great importance
in the mapping, photogrammetry, RS and GIS integration have the study of errors and
tolerances of heterogenous data, first of all of locational data.
1. ACHIEVEMENTS AND
DEVELOPEMENT TRENDS
The mapping, photogrammetry,
RS and GIS were developed much
independently,
correlation in the last years. Suddenly
with the concept of geoinformation
appeared the concept of GIS, system
composed by hardware, software,
technologies, locational and — thematical
data (spatial data), designed to give to the
users the necessary information for GIS
represented space management,
that much in increased
The system is horizontally and
vertically extended, with vectorial data or
with raster data, or, in actual time with
both types of data. For these data there
are specific algorithms [4,5].
The first layers or coverages in
GIS data base there are the digital
272
cartographic data, which defines the
location of all thematical data. All the
classes of GIS inputs and outputs are
geoimages, the object of geoiconies [5].
The capture and processing of digital
cartographic data are made with the
complex systems and heterogenous
methods [6].
By integration are created geoiconics
supersystems (GIS, expert systems,
cybemetics, geodesy, cartography, RS etc.
integration). The first role of the
computational (digital) cartography is
given by: (1) the basic sources of the
spatial and temporal organized
geoinformation are the maps and the
charts; (2) the geodetic and topographic
coordinates system there are the base for
the geoinformation location; (3) the
analogical published and displayed maps
and the digital maps are the principal
mean for the geographical interpretation
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996
pe TY -— jan meme TAY me 0
th
S
I
t