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topographic maps such as 1:25,000 scale topographic map 
with only DEM or contour line. So we express steep slopes 
by using special map symbol in conventional topographic 
map printed on paper. In this study, we selected Lake 
Chuzenji-ko and Mt. Nantai-san area in Tochigi prefecture 
and tried to express cliffs, bank, steep slopes and so on in the 
expression of three dimensional space(Figure 2,Figure 3). 
5. MAP ANNOTATIONS 
There have been a problem of how to express annotations in 
three dimensional space. It is one of the most important 
matter as map expression. We not only need three 
dimensional landscape or realistic expression as new map 
representation method but also a variety of information as 
useful map or geographical information. Representation of 
annotations is one of the most important matter to convey 
much information hidden in a map. Therefore, we have been 
developing a method to express annotations onto the three 
dimensional space of map. Map annotaitions are embedded 
in the three dimentional space as line data. These can be 
shown in the perspective view. 
6. OTHERS 
We also have been trying to use some other kind of map 
representation. Digital Orthophoto data made from Satellite 
images or aerial photographs have been used for different 
expression. These satellite images or aerial photographs 
were stuck on the three dimensional model. This method can 
create realistic expression of three dimensional space easily. 
But it cannot represent three dimensional objects like houses 
or buildings on the field. Therefore houses and buildings are 
expressed as 2D images. 
Whole flow of the study is shown in Figure 4. 
7. CONCLUSION 
These new methods for map expression bring a lot of 
capability and information for us. We can expect that this 
method can be used for many purpose, for instance, 
environment assessment, development planning of regional 
scale and countrywide scale, city planning, landscape 
analysis, and others. But some problems are realized in this 
study. 
Before creating three dimensional model, we have to create 
two dimensional polygon structure from each cartographic 
data. However, usual cartographic data such as digital 
mapping data do not have topological structure. Topological 
data preparation is important to create three dimensional data 
with ease. 
We have to consider how we should digital cartographic 
data having three dimensional data structure with supporting 
of data structure and data item for the purpose of many kinds 
of utilization in the future. 
REFERRENCE 
Takahashi H., et al, 1995. A new approach of map 
representation for realistic expression of three dimensional 
space. In:17th International Cartographic Conference, 
Proceedings 1, pp.640-643. 
  
Figure 1 Landscape of Fuji City 
365 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996