PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT FOR THE TRIANGULATION PROCESS ON LEICA ANALYTICAL 
WORKSTATIONS BY SEQUENTIAL ADJUSTMENT USED FOR CONTINUOUS QUALITY CONTROL 
AND DIGITAL POINT TRANSFER 
Alain Chapuis 
Product Manager 
LEICA Ltd. 
Photogrammetry & Metrology, Mönchmattweg 5, 5035 Unterentfelden, Switzerland 
+41 (0)62 737 6750, fax +41 (0)62 737 68 32 
Commission Il, Working Group |l/5 
KEY WORDS: Orientation, Triangulation, On line, Software, analytical workstation. 
ABSTRACT: 
After the successful introduction of the analytical workstations SD2000/3000 in 1991/92, Leica decided to completly 
modernise the orientation and triangulation software in order to increase the performance of the SD-line and respond to 
the change of user's demands for more quality control and modern graphical interface. A full integrated on line bundle 
triangulation module with statistical blunder detection is reducing drastically the time for detection and elimination of 
blunders. ORIMA (ORIentation MAnagement software) was developed by Dr. Ludger Hinsken, Development & 
Consulting in close collaboration with Leica. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Leica's solution in analytical photogrammetry, based on 
solid equipment, the well proven concept of distributed 
processing and a strong support network, is still a good 
investment into the future. The Analytical Workstations 
SD2000/3000 still represent state of the art in optics and 
hight precision mechanics. Outdated electronics of early 
DSRs, AC1 and BCs can be easily upgraded to the latest 
electronics comparable to the SD-line of instruments, thus 
enabling owners of the older instruments to interface to 
the most recent computer platforms. With the ability to 
access state-of-the-art application software, which 
defines the functionality and productivity of the Analytical 
Workstation, every user of a Leica Analytical Workstation 
is a strong competitor in the photogrammetric market. 
Even in an age increasingly going ,digital" analytical 
photogrammetry is unsurpassed for numerous 
photogrammetric tasks, for example, whenever high 
resolution imagery need to be processed. Today 
analytical workstations are still effective for large scale 
mapping and medium size triangulation projects. 
As the existing orientation software dates back to the 
early 80s, Leica decided to completely modernise the 
orientation software for the line af Analytical 
Workstations. Since the market introduction of those old 
packages user demands for orientation software have 
changed quite drastically. The new software should have 
a modern, easy to use graphical interface, it should be 
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PC-based, running under the Windows operating 
systems. The functionality should be extended to provide 
quality criteria for the orientation, and measuring errors 
should be detected by blunder detection methods. 
The demande for the new aerial triangulation software are 
similar to the model orientation software. Additionally to 
the model orientation this software should handle an 
unlimited number or photographs. The results of a bundle 
adjustment should be used to load a model directly 
without repeated relative and absolute orientation. 
2. ORIMA MODULAR CONCEPT 
ORIMA (ORlentation Management software) is a new 
orientation and triangulation software for all Leica 
analytical photogrammetric workstations based on the 
LMT (Leica Mapping Terminal) concept. ORIMA is a MS- 
Windows based modular software package for all 
orientation purposes required for aerial photogrammetry 
on Leica analytical photogrammetric workstations. The 
orientation procedures included are inner, relative and 
absolute orientation, as well as integrated on line bundle 
triangulation. 
ORIMA consist of various modules such as: 
ORIMA-B Simplified version for model orientation 
without sequential adjustment and on line 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996 
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