approximate values in a more automated fashion. Deformable 
models with a high number of iterations or intensive 
parameter settings by the user are completely unattractive for 
interaction. Huge problems generally occur if generic 
objects should be measured. 
As a general observation we can state that results reported are 
often difficult to compare and judge. No quality of initial 
state or just a view of an initial state are given nor any 
information on parameters. We can see promising solutions 
for single problems, but no overall breakthrough. 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
The last decade has shown considerable work on many 
aspects of the method of deformable models. We have made 
an attempt to pick out some representative improvements of 
this method, that, would they be combined, would bring it on 
the edge of a broader application in photogrammetry. 
Deformable models have a clear potential as a 
photogrammetric measurement tool but still lack some 
important features to be useful in more generic measurement 
tasks. They have currently to be user guided and well 
constraint. Surface snakes should be tested on the analysis of 
automatically derived digital surface models. 
Implementations in photogrammetric workstations can be 
predicted to support the interactive extraction of 
cartographic objects with contours and surfaces, if the 
problems of initial values, automated parameter selection 
and computational complexity have been solved alltogether. 
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