level 3
nels
INTERACTIVE
o
=
3
=
£e
=
o
2
o
D
=
£5
=
®
e
©
3
o
ure 7: process flow
1a 1996
6. Conclusions
Shape descriptors and distance-weighted triangulation are
powerful methods to detect very efficiently non-rigid symbols
from scanned topographic maps. Further developments to
detect other symbols (e.g. curved text labels, orchards) seem
to be promising. It is also planned to use orthophotos from
aerial photography as raster input to detect natural objects like
single trees and tree groups.
Nevertheless, several drawbacks of the chosen ,,bottom-up*
approach have to be kept in mind:
* trying to recognise all map symbols at once needs a top-
down approach
using shape discriminators to detect line symbols is very
inefficient and lacks topology
discrimination task needs image processing knowledge and
user interaction
e detectability varies with drawing quality and scanning reso-
lution
References
Bihr H.P, F. Quint, U. Stilla: ,,Modellbasierte Verfahren der
Luftbildanalyse zur Kartenfortführung", Zeitschrift
für Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, Vol. 6, pp.
224-233, 1995.
Ballard D.H.: ,,Generalizing the hough transform to detect
arbitrary shapes", Pattern recognition letters, Vol. 13,
pp. 111-122, 1981.
Ballard D. H., C.M. Brown: ,Computer vision", 523 pp.,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1982.
Boesch R.: ,Improved utilization of Arc/INFO image
catalogs", Proc. 10th European Arc/INFO
Conference, 2.-4. Oct 1995, Prag, pp. IX2-IXT,
ESRI, Redlands, CA., 1995. S
Chang Ji Y., Hanson A.J.: ,, Virtual line segment-based hough
transform", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, Vol. 16 (1), pp. 57-62, 1994.
Han Joon H., Koczy L.T., Poston T.: ,,Fuzzy Hough
transform", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 15, pp.
649-658, 1994.
Henricsson O., W. Neuenschwander: ,,Controlling growing
snakes by using key-points", Int. Conference on
Pattern Recognition, Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 68-73,
1994.
Kass M., A. Witkin, D. Terzopoulos: ,,Snakes: active contour
models", Proc. of First International Conf. on
Computer Vision, pp. 259-269, 1987.
L+T , Podukteinformation Pixelkarten (german)”, 10 pp.,
Swiss Federal Office of Topography
(Landestopographie), Wabern, Bern, 1994.
Lai Kok Fung: ,,Deformable contours: modeling, extraction,
detection and classification", Ph.D. Thesis, 92 pp.,
Electrical Engineering, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison,
1994.
Lee H., R.H. Park: ,Relaxation algorithm for shape matching
of two-dimensional objects", Pattern Recognition
Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 309-313, 1989.
Lin C.C., R. Chellappa: ,Classification of partial 2-D shapes
using fourier descriptors”, IEEE Trans. on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 9, pp. 687-
69
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B3. Vienna 1996
690, 1987.
Lin Wei: „Ein Beitrag zur kartographischen Mustererkennung
mittels Methoden der künstlichen Intelligenz",
Dissertation TU Darmstadt, Vol. 419, 98 pp.,
Deutsche Geodätische Kommission, Bayerische
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994.
Lütjen K., H. Füger, H.-J. Greif, K. Jurkiewicz:
„Auswahlverfahren für die wissensbasierte
Bildauswertung mit dem blackboard-orientierten
Produktionssystem BPI", Mustererkennung 1987, 9.
DAGM-Symposium, pp. 290-294, Springer, Berlin,
1987.
Marshall S.: „Review of shape coding techniques", Image
Vision Computing, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 281-294, 1989.
Meyer H.: „Automatische wissensbasierte Extraktion von
semantischer Information aus gescannten Karten",
Dissertation TU München, Vol. 417, 113 pp.,
Deutsche Geodätische Kommission, Bayerische
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1993.
Palmer PL., M. Petrou, J. Kittler: „A Hough transform
algorithm with a 2D hypothesis testing kernel", pp.
221-234, 1993.
Pavlidis T: ,,A review of algorithms for shape analysis", 218
pp., Dept. of Elec. Eng. and Comp. Science,
Princeton Univ., 1976.
Pitas I.,A.N. Venetsanopoulos: ,,Morphological shape
representation", Pattern Recognition, Vol. 25 (6), pp.
555-565, 1992.
Rauber T W.: ,,Two-dimensional shape descriptions”,
Technical Report GR UNINOVA-RT-10-94 Ph.D.
Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 38 pp., 1994.
Reeves A.P, A. Rostampour: ,,Shape analysis of segmented
objects using moments", Proc. 1981 Conf. Pattern
Recognition Image Processing, Dallas, pp. 171-174,
IEEE, New York, 1981.
Rostampour A.R., Madhvapathy PR.: ,,Shape recognition
using simple measures of projections”, Proceedings
of 7th Intl. Phoenix Conference on Computers and
Communications, 16-18 March 1988, pp. 474-479,
IEEE, Arizona State Univ., 1988.
Sedgewick R.: ,,Algorithms in C++", 656 pp., Addison-
Wesley, Reading, MA, 1992.
Staib L.H., J. Duncan: ,,Boundary finding with parametrically
deformable models", IEEE Trans. on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 14, pp.
1061-1075, 1992.
Stengele Roland: ,,Kartografische Mustererkennung",
Dissertation ETH Zürich, 1995.
Trahanias P.E.: „Binary shape recognition using the
morphological skeleton transform", Pattern
Recognition, Vol. 25 (11), pp. 1277-1288, 1992.
Udomkesmalee S.: ,,Shape recognition in the Fourier domain",
Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 1564, pp. 464-472,
SPIE, 1991.
Weber W.: „Kartographische Mustererkennung",
Kartographische Nachrichten, Vol. 3, pp. 113-120,
1988.
Zahn C.T, R.Z. Roskies: „Fourier descriptors for plane closed
curves", JEEE Trans. Computing, Vol. C-21, pp. 269-
281, 1972.